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{
    id: "LateralGeneTransfer", 
    title: "Lateral or horizontal gene transfer/BVT",
    text: "Transfer of genes from one evolutionary organism to another. The term is distinguished from vertical gene transfer, which represents parental transfer of genetic information to the progeny. BVT is one form of lateral gene transfer used specifically for gene transfer between bacteria and vertebrates."
},
{
    id: "Prokaryote", 
    title: "Prokaryotes",
    text: "Any cell or organism that lacks internal membranes. Bacteria are among the best known prokaryotic organisms. In addition to lack of membranes, prokaryotic organisms lack most of the cellular components found in eukaryotic organisms."
},
{
    id: "Proteome", 
    title: "Proteome",
    text: "The set of proteins that comprises all the existing proteins in an organism."
},
{
    id: "GeneLoss", 
    title: "Gene loss",
    text: "Term used when deletion or another molecular process is responsible for the loss of single genes or entire pieces of the genome. In the context of the paper, it refers to certain genes that were lost in some species but are still found in others."
},
{
    id: "SampleSizeEffect", 
    title: "Sample size effects",
    text: "The term is associated with a statistical analysis in which the size of the sample, when limited, can lead to biased results."
},
{
    id: "SpeciesSamplingEffect", 
    title: "Species-sampling effect",
    text: "Artifact introduced by the fact that samples being analyzed do not represent a broad diversity of evolutionarily distinct organisms."
},
{
    id: "RateVariation", 
    title: "Rate of nucleotide substitution and evolutionary rate",
    text: "Number of nucleotide substitutions per site and per year. The rate is calculated by dividing the number of substitutions between two homologous DNA sequences <i>K</i>, by 2<i>T</i>, where <i>T</i> is the time of divergence between the two sequences, usually inferred from paleontological data: that is, <i>r</i> =  <i>K</i>/2<i>T</i>. Evolutionary rate variation depends on the rate of nucleotide substitution and the probability of fixing a mutation."
},
{
    id: "GeneFlow", 
    title: "Gene flow",
    text: "Transfer of genes among different populations or different species."
},
{
    id: "GeneticMakeup", 
    title: "Genetic makeup",
    text: "The genetic profile of each individual or population considering present genetic variation."
},
{
    id: "Eukaryote", 
    title: "Eukaryotes",
    text: "Organisms in which cells have a clearly defined nucleus in addition to well-defined chromosomes, mitochondria, and other organelles."
},
{
    id: "OrganellarGenome", 
    title: "Organellar genomes",
    text: "Genomes that are not part of the nuclear genome but instead are found in organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts."
},
{
    id: "Vertebrate", 
    title: "Vertebrates",
    text: "Animals characterized by a muscular system consisting of paired masses bilaterally located and a central nervous system partly enclosed within the backbone. These animals belong to the vertebrate subphylum, one of the taxonomic categories that includes all fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals."
},
{
    id: "GermCell", 
    title: "Germ cell",
    text: "Cell that generates reproductive cells, such as eggs and sperm."
},
{
    id: "SomaticCell", 
    title: "Somatic cell",
    text: "Cells that constitute the soma (the body) of an organism, as opposed to gametes."
},
{
    id: "Insertion", 
    title: "Insertion into a chromosome",
    text: "Gene or fragment of DNA that integrates into a foreign genome by being inserted into the host's chromosome."
},
{
    id: "ExtrachromosomalElement", 
    title: "Extrachromosomal element",
    text: "Gene or fragment of DNA that remains stable inside the host's cells as an extrachromosomal element, as opposed to being an integrated part of the host's genome."
},
{
    id: "SelectiveAdvantage", 
    title: "Selective advantage/positive selection",
    text: "Situation in which a mutation confers a characteristic that provides an advantage to the organism. This advantage increases the chance of survival and passing the mutation to the next generation."
},
{
    id: "SelfishProperties", 
    title: "Selfish properties",
    text: "This term has a turbulent and contradictory history. A selfish gene, as used in this text, defines a gene that may not confer any advantage to the host but that can spread in a population because it has the capability to duplicate and transpose. However, according to Richard Dawkins, who coined the term in 1976, &quot;selfish gene&quot; applies to any allele that spreads into a population under the force of selection. To learn more about Richard Dawkins and the selfish gene theory, visit <a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.world-of-dawkins.com/selfish.htm\" target=\"_blank\">www.world-of-dawkins.com/selfish.htm</a>."
},
{
    id: "Taxa", 
    title: "Taxa",
    text: "The plural form of taxon. Taxon is a unit used to categorize an organism according to its biological classification. The taxa are organized in a hierarchical structure from kingdom to subspecies. The complete classification in descending order comprises kingdom, phylum (or division for plants), class, order, family, genus, species, and subspecies. To see the complete taxonomic classification of our species go to the National Center for Biological Information (NCBI) <a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Taxonomy/wgetorg?mode=Undef&name=Homo+sapiens&lvl=0&srchmode=1\" target=\"_blank\">taxonomy browser</a>."
},
{
    id: "Invertebrate", 
    title: "Nonvertebrate/invertebrate",
    text: "Animals that lack a vertebral column, or backbone, as opposed to a vertebrate, which has some form of cartilaginous or bony internal skeleton. More than 90 percent of animals are invertebrates."
},
{
    id: "HomologousGene", 
    title: "Homologous genes",
    text: "Homologous genes present a significant level of similarity at the DNA level and can be found in different and distantly related species. These genes do not necessarily have similar functions."
},
{
    id: "Celera", 
    title: "Celera",
    text: "A private company (<a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.celera.com/\" target=\"_blank\">www.celera.com</a>) that completed sequencing of the human genome in parallel to the Human Genome Project."
},
{
    id: "EnsemblSet", 
    title: "Ensembl set",
    text: "Ensembl is a joint project between the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (<a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.embl.org/\" target=\"_blank\">www.embl.org</a>), the European Bioinformatics Institute (<a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.ebi.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\">www.ebi.ac.uk</a>), and the Sanger Centre (<a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.sanger.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\">www.sanger.ac.uk</a>) that developed a software system to produce and maintain automatic annotation on eukaryotic genomes. The Ensembl set is the data collected with this software."
},
{
    id: "BLASTP", 
    title: "BLASTP",
    text: "BLAST stands for basic local alignment search tool. It is a sequence comparison algorithm used to search sequence databases for optimal local alignments to a query. BLASTP indicates that it is the standard protein-protein BLAST comparison, as opposed to BLASTN for nucleotides. More <a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Education/BLASTinfo/information3.html\" target=\"_blank\">information about BLAST</a> is available at the National Center for Biological Information (NCBI)."
},
{
    id: "EValue", 
    title: "<i>E</i> value",
    text: "Expectation value. The number of different alignments that is expected to occur in a database search by chance. The lower the E value, the more significant the score. [<a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/tutorial/Altschul-1.html#head2\" target=\"_blank\">more information</a>]"
},
{
    id: "GenBank", 
    title: "GenBank",
    text: "GenBank is the genetic sequence database from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It contains an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences. As of August 2001, there were about 13,543,000,000 bases in 12,814,000 sequence records deposited in GenBank. To see GenBank growth statistics from 1982 to the present, visit <a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/genbankstats.html\" target=\"_blank\">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/genbankstats.html</a>."
},
{
    id: "EnsemblBVT", 
    title: "Ensembl BVTs",
    text: "Set of possible candidate genes for bacterial transfer to vertebrates extracted with the Ensembl system."
},
{
    id: "CeleraBVT", 
    title: "Celera BVTs",
    text: "Set of possible candidate genes for bacterial transfer to vertebrates extracted with Celera's system."
},
{
    id: "AdaptiveRadiation", 
    title: "Adaptive radiation",
    text: "This is defined as the evolutionary divergence of related organisms into a series of different adaptive zones. Adaptive radiation is considered to be a rapid process in which adaptation from a recent common ancestor takes place in a short period of time."
},
{
    id: "NullHypothesis", 
    title: "Null hypothesis",
    text: "A hypothesis test is set up with two hypothesis statements, one that describes the prediction and one that describes all the other possible outcomes with respect to the hypothesized relationship. The hypothesis that you support (your prediction) is called the alternative hypothesis, whereas the hypothesis describing the remaining possible outcomes is called the null hypothesis."
},
{
    id: "DNAPolymerase", 
    title: "DNA polymerase",
    text: "Enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template). May be involved in repair or replication."
},
{
    id: "PhylogeneticAnalysis", 
    title: "Phylogenetic analysis",
    text: "The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. The evolutionary interrelations can be established according to different types of data. A study that uses DNA data is called molecular phylogeny."
},
{
    id: "DNARepair", 
    title: "DNA replication accuracy/DNA repair",
    text: "The process carried out by specialized enzymes that includes the removal of damaged segments of DNA and synthesis of correct replacements."
},
{
    id: "Selection", 
    title: "Selection",
    text: "In this context, the author is referring to natural selection. Natural selection is defined as differential reproduction of genetically distinct individuals or genotypes within a population."
},
{
    id: "Recombination", 
    title: "Recombination",
    text: "Regrouping of the maternal and paternal genes during formation of reproductive cells. The phenomenon occurs randomly during meiosis, the process by which gametes are produced."
},
{
    id: "GeneticDrift", 
    title: "Genetic drift",
    text: "The process of change in allele frequency due solely to chance effects. In small populations, this phenomenon may be more relevant than selection."
},
{
    id: "GenerationTime", 
    title: "Generation time",
    text: "The predicted life expectancy of an organism. Organisms with a shorter generation time can accumulate more mutations in their germ line DNA than organisms with a longer generation time if the number of germ line replications per generation is not different among the organisms under consideration."
},
{
    id: "Mutation", 
    title: "Mutation",
    text: "Mutations result from errors that occur during the process of DNA replication or from damage to the DNA due to the action of radiation or chemical mutagenics. They can occur in any type of cell and can be classified by the length of the DNA sequence affected by the mutational event."
},
{
    id: "NonessentialGene", 
    title: "Nonessential genes",
    text: "Genes that are not indispensable to an organism. An example is a gene in which the product is an enzyme  that takes part in a redundant metabolic pathway where other enzymes can perform the same function."
},
{
    id: "MitochondrialOrigin", 
    title: "Genes of mitochondrial origins",
    text: "Nuclear genes that were transferred from the mitochondrial genome to the nuclear genome."
},
{
    id: "Phylum", 
    title: "Phylum",
    text: "The second taxonomic category, which is placed below kingdom (the highest). The phylum category applies for all living organisms except plants, where the term division corresponds to an equivalent category."
},
{
    id: "Paralog", 
    title: "Paralogs",
    text: "DNA sequences within a single species that arose by gene duplication."
},
{
    id: "TBLASTN", 
    title: "TBLASTN",
    text: "BLAST stands for basic local alignment search tool. It is a sequence comparison algorithm used to search sequence databases for optimal local alignments to a query. TBLASTN stands for translation BLAST nucleotide in which a protein sequence is being used as a query to perform a search in a nucleotide database. For this process to be possible, the protein sequence needs to be translated into a nucleotide. More <a href=\"http://scope.educ.washington.edu:2002/outlink/http/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Education/BLASTinfo/information3.html\" target=\"_blank\">information about BLAST</a> is available at the National Center for Biological Information (NCBI)."
},
{
    id: "Contig", 
    title: "Contig",
    text: "A continuous sequence of DNA assembled from smaller fragments of DNA sequences that overlap."
},
{
    id: "Transposon", 
    title: "Transposon",
    text: "Mobile elements, usually 2500 to 7000 base pairs long, that exist mostly as families of dispersed repetitive elements in the genome. These elements tend to carry other genes that are not related to transposition (the ability to move between different genomes). In bacteria, they often carry genes related to antibiotic, heavy metal, or heat resistance, spreading these characteristics throughout different genomes."
}
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