he intersection between disease and evolution -- and, in particular, how that intersection plays out in issues such as antibiotic resistance, pathogen control, climate change, and emerging infections -- has been one of the hot topics of science and public policy over the past decade. Science has fully participated in publishing groundbreaking research on how studies of natural selection, ecology, and population dynamics can be brought to bear in the fight against microbes, as well as thoughtful reviews and commentaries that have helped to place this complex but vital scientific topic in its larger social context. Below, we've put together an archive of Review, Viewpoint, and Perspective articles, as well as selected research papers, on issues pertaining to disease ecology and evolution and their human consequences.

[Access note: PDF versions of material on this page from before 1996 is freely available for download by all users, and Research Articles and Reports published more than 12 months ago are free to registered users of Science Online. Access to the full text of Reviews, Perspectives, Viewpoints, and Policy Forums published since 1995 requires a subscription to Science Online.]

• Special issues of Science
  • August 21, 1992: The Microbial Wars (v. 257, n. 5073)
  • April 15, 1994: Frontiers in Biotechnology: Resistance to Antibiotics (v. 264, n. 5157)
  • June 24, 1994: Parasitology (v. 264, n. 5167)
  • May 2, 1997: Frontiers in Microbial Biology (v. 276, n. 5313)
  • May 21, 1999: Microbes, Immunity, and Disease (v. 284, n. 5418)
  • May 11, 2001: Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Disease (v. 292, n. 5519)
  
  
• Other Selected Science Articles
  • Review Articles
  • Perspectives and Policy Forums
  • Research Articles and Reports

August 21, 1992: The Microbial Wars
Vol. 257, No. 5073

Epidemiology of Drug Resistance: Implications for a Post-Antimicrobial Era
M. L. Cohen; vol. 257, no. 5073, p. 1050 (1992)
[PDF] (966 K)

Tuberculosis: Commentary on a Reemergent Killer
B. R. Bloom and C. J. L Murray; vol. 257, no. 5073, p. 1055 (1992)
[PDF] (1,721 K)

The Crisis in Antibiotic Resistance
H. C. Neu; vol. 257, no. 5073, p. 1064 (1992)
[PDF] (1,292 K)

The Origin of Plagues: Old and New
R. M. Krause; vol. 257, no. 5073, p. 1073 (1992)
[PDF] (854 K)

Structure-Based Strategies for Drug Design and Discovery
I. D. Kuntz; vol. 257, no. 5073, p. 1078 (1992)
[PDF] (734 K)

Infectious Disease Surveillance: A Crumbling Foundation
R. L. Berkelman, R. T. Bryan, M. T. Osterholm, J. W. LeDuc, J. M. Hughes; vol. 264, no. 5157, p. 368 (1994)
[PDF] (462 K)

Human Mycoses: Drugs and Targets for Emerging Pathogens
N. H. Georgopapadakou and T. J. Walsh; vol. 264, no. 5157, p. 371 (1994)
[PDF] (966 K)

Ubiquitous Natural Antiboiotics
J. E. Gabay; vol. 264, no. 5157, p. 373 (1994)
[PDF] (528 K)

Inactivation of Antibiotics and the Dissemination of Resistance Genes
J. Davies; vol. 264, no. 5157, p. 375 (1994)
[PDF] (1,189 K)

Prevention of Drug Access to Bacterial Targets: Permeability Barriers and Active Efflux
H. Nikaido; vol. 264, no. 5157, p. 382 (1994)
[PDF] (1,137 K)

Resistance to Antibiotics Mediated by Target Alterations
B. G. Spratt; vol. 264, no. 5157, p. 388 (1994)
[PDF] (868 K)

Fighting the Parasites of Poverty: Public Research, Private Industry, and Tropical Diseases
T. Godal; vol. 264, no. 5167, p. 1864 (1994)
[PDF] (515 K)

Economics and the Argument for Parasitic Disease Control
D. B. Evans and D. T. Jamison; vol. 264, no. 5167, p. 1866 (1994)
[PDF] (265 K)

Unusual Strategies of Gene Expression and Control in Parasites
T. W. Nilsen; vol. 264, no. 5167, p. 1868 (1994)
[PDF] (268 K)

RNA Editing and the Evolution of Parasites
L. Simpson and D. A. Maslov; vol. 264, no. 5167, p. 1870 (1994)
[PDF] (241 K)

Antigenic Variation in African Trypanosomes
P. Borst and G. Rudenko; vol. 264, no. 5167, p. 1872 (1994)
[PDF] (265 K)

Vector Biology and the Control of Malaria in Africa
F. H. Collins and N. J. Besansky; vol. 264, no. 5167, p. 1874 (1994)
[PDF] (437 K)

Immunoglobulin E and Effector Cells in Schistosomiasis
M. Capron and A. Capron; vol. 264, no. 5167, p. 1876 (1994)
[PDF] (536 K)

Malaria Pathogenesis
L. H. Miller, M. F. Good, G. Milon; vol. 264, no. 5167, p. 1878 (1994)
[PDF] (1,149 K)

Mathematical Studies of Parasitic Infection and Immunity
R. M. Anderson; vol. 264, no. 5167, p. 1884 (1994)
[PDF] (446 K)

Microbial Pathogenesis: Genomics and Beyond
E. J. Strauss and S. Falkow; vol. 276, no. 5313, p. 707 (1997)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Protein Localization and Cell Fate in Bacteria
L. Shapiro and a. R. Losick; vol. 276, no. 5313, p. 712 (1997)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Exploitation of Mammalian Host Cell Functions by Bacterial Pathogens
B. B. Finlay and P. Cossart; vol. 276, no. 5313, p. 718 (1997)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Signaling in Plant-Microbe Interactions
B. Baker, P. Zambryski, B. Staskawicz, S. P. Dinesh-Kumar; vol. 276, no. 5313, p. 726 (1997)
[Abstract] [Full text]

A Molecular View of Microbial Diversity and the Biosphere
N. R. Pace; vol. 276, no. 5313, p. 734 (1997)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Introduction: Microbe Management
B. A. Purnell and J. Marx; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1301 (1999)
[Summary]

News

A Symphony of Bacterial Voices
E. Strauss; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1302 (1999)
[Summary] [Full text]

Is It Time to Uproot the Tree of Life?
E. Pennisi; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1305 (1999)
[Summary] [Full text]

Borrowing--Genes--From Microbial Neighbors
E. Pennisi; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1306 (1999)
[Summary] [Full text]

Viewpoints

The Search for Unrecognized Pathogens
D. A. Relman; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1308 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Emerging Infectious Diseases: Public Health Issues for the 21st Century
Sue Binder, Alexandra M. Levitt, Jeffrey J. Sacks, and James M. Hughes; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1311 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Reviews

Phylogenetic Perspectives in Innate Immunity
Jules A. Hoffmann, Fotis C. Kafatos, Charles A. Janeway Jr., and R. A. B. Ezekowitz; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1313 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections
J. W. Costerton, Philip S. Stewart, and E. P. Greenberg; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1318 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Type III Secretion Machines: Bacterial Devices for Protein Delivery into Host Cells
Jorge E. Galán and Alan Collmer; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1322 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Helicobacter pylori Virulence and Genetic Geography
Antonello Covacci, John L. Telford, Giuseppe Del Giudice, Julie Parsonnet, and Rino Rappuoli; vol. 284, no. 5418, p. 1328 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Introduction: Sex, Lineages, and Pathogenesis
Vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1089 (2001)
[Summary]

News

Genetic Trees Reveal Disease Origin
Vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1090 (2001)
[Summary] [Full text]

Wolbachia: A Tale of Sex and Survival
Vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1093 (2001)
[Summary] [Full text]

Viewpoints

Genes Lost and Genes Found: Evolution of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Symbiosis
H. Ochman and N. A. Moran; vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1096 (2001)
[Abstract] [Full text]

The Ecology of Genetically Diverse Infections
A. F. Read and L. H. Taylor; vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1099 (2001)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Evolution of Cell Recognition by Viruses
E. Baranowski, C. M. Ruiz-Jarabo, E. Domingo; vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1102 (2001)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Selection Forces and Constraints on Retroviral Sequence Variation
J. Overbaugh and C. R. M. Bangham; vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1106 (2001)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Population Biology of Multihost Pathogens
M. E. J. Woolhouse, L. H. Taylor, D. T. Haydon; vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1109 (2001)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Why We Don't Get Sick: The Within-Host Population Dynamics of Bacterial Infections
B. R. Levin and R. Antia; vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1112 (2001)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Commensual Host-Bacterial Relationships in the Gut
L. V. Hooper and J. I. Gordon; vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1115 (2001)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Factors That Alter Rumen Microbial Ecology
J. B. Russell and J. L. Rychlik; vol. 292, no. 5519, p. 1119 (2001)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Review Articles

Pathways of Discovery: Infectious History
Joshua Lederberg; vol. 288, no. 5464, p. 287 (2000)
[Summary] [Full text]

Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife -- Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health
Peter Daszak, Andrew A. Cunningham, and Alex D. Hyatt; vol. 287, no. 5452, p. 443 (2000)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Emerging Marine Diseases--Climate Links and Anthropogenic Factors
C. D. Harvell et al.; vol. 285, no. 5433, p. 1505 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Population Biology, Evolution, and Infectious Disease: Convergence and Synthesis
Bruce R. Levin, Marc Lipsitch, and Sebastian Bonhoeffer; vol. 283, no. 5403, p. 806 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Experimental Evolution of Parasites
Dieter Ebert; vol. 282, no. 5393, p. 1432 (1998)
[Abstract] [Full text]

A Molecular View of Microbial Diversity and the Biosphere
Norman R. Pace; vol. 276, no. 5313, p. 734 (1997)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Mathematical and Computational Challenges in Population Biology and Ecosystems Science
Simon A. Levin, Bryan Grenfell, Alan Hastings, and Alan S. Perelson; vol. 275, no. 5298, p. 334 (1997)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Perspectives and Policy Forums

Bacterial Population Genetics and Disease
Marc Lipsitch; vol. 292, no. 5514, p. 59 (2000)
[Summary] [Full text]

Policy Forum Point-Counterpoint

The Case for Deemphasizing Genomics in Malaria Control
C. F. Curtis; vol. 290, no. 5496, p. 1508 (2000)
[Summary] [Full text]
Research (Genomics) Is Crucial to Attacking Malaria
Stephen L. Hoffman; vol. 290, no. 5496, p. 1509 (2000)
[Summary] [Full text]

Temperatures Without Fevers?
Chris Dye and Paul Reiter; vol. 289, no. 5485, p. 1697 (2000)
[Summary] [Full text]

Simple Rules with Complex Dynamics
Sir Robert May; vol. 287, no. 5453, p. 601 (2000)
[Summary] [Full text]

Predictive Evolution
David M. Hillis; vol. 286, no. 5446, p. 1866 (1999)
[Summary] [Full text]

Climate and Health
Paul R. Epstein; vol. 285, no. 5426, p. 347 (1999)
[Summary] [Full text]

Medical Consequences of Antibiotic Use in Agriculture
Wolfgang Witte; vol. 279, no. 5353, p. 996 (1998)
[Summary] [Full text]

Global Climate and Infectious Disease: The Cholera Paradigm
Rita R. Colwell; vol. 274, no. 5295, p. 2025 (1996)
[Summary] [Full text]

Research Articles and Reports

A Link Between Virulence and Ecological Abundance in Natural Populations of Staphylococcus aureus
Nicholas P. J. Day et al.; vol. 292, no. 5514, p. 114 (2001)
[Abstract] [Full text]

The Global Spread of Malaria in a Future, Warmer World
David J. Rogers and Sarah E. Randolph; vol. 289, no. 5485, p. 1763 (2000)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Effects of Environment on Compensatory Mutations to Ameliorate Costs of Antibiotic Resistance
J. Björkman, I. Nagaev, O. G. Berg, D. Hughes, and D. I. Andersson; vol. 287, no. 5457, p. 1479 (2000)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Cross-Species Interactions Between Malaria Parasites in Humans
Marian C. Bruce et al.; vol. 287, no. 5454, p. 845 (2000)
[Abstract] [Full text]

A Simple Model for Complex Dynamical Transitions in Epidemics
David J. D. Earn, Pejman Rohani, Benjamin M. Bolker, Bryan T. Grenfell; vol. 287, no. 5453, p. 667 (2000)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Predicting the Evolution of Human Influenza A
R. M. Bush et al.; vol. 286, no. 5446, p. 1921 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Different Trajectories of Parallel Evolution During Viral Adaptation
H. A. Wichman, M. R. Badgett, L. A. Scott, C. M. Boulianne, and J. J. Bull; vol. 285, no. 5426, p. 422 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Climate and Satellite Indicators to Forecast Rift Valley Fever Epidemics in Kenya
Kenneth J. Linthicum et al.; vol. 285, no. 5426, p. 397 (1999)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Chaos, Persistence, and Evolution of Strain Structure in Antigenically Diverse Infectious Agents
Sunetra Gupta, Neil Ferguson, and Roy Anderson; vol. 280, no. 5365, p. 912 (1998)
[Abstract] [Full text]

Control Strategies for Tuberculosis Epidemics: New Models for Old Problems
S. M. Blower, P. M. Small, and P. C. Hopewell; vol. 273, no. 5274, p. 497 (1996)
[Abstract]