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Highly Visible, Curiously Intangible
G. A. Clark
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Supplementary Material
Table 1
Major Tenets of the Replacement Paradigm
Replacement advocates:
- make a distinction between archaic Homo sapiens (AHS) and neandertals;
- postulate a series of adaptive radiations out of Africa, rather than a single prolonged one;
- invoke a rapid mtDNA base pair substitution rate (2-4%/myr);
- argue from the genetic evidence that archaic and modern humans are different species;
- ignore or deëmphasize grade/clade distinctions;
- emphasize cladogenesis over anagenesis (except in Africa, where moderns evolve from AHS through anagenic speciation);
- invoke 'splitter' taxonomies and dendritic phylogenies;
- link archaeological assemblage types to particular hominid types;
- emphasize typological systematics; see temporally-spatially correlated changes in many aspects of the archaeology of the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition;
- claim that AHS and Homo erectus were largely or completely replaced throughout their ranges by moderns; and
- that there was little or no admixture between them.
Table 2
Major Tenets of the Continuity Paradigm
Continuity Advocates:
- do not make a distinction between AHS and neandertals, the latter being one of several geographical clades within the former;
- postulate a single hominid radiation out of Africa corresponding to the Homo erectus grade in human evolution;
- invoke a slower mtDNA base-pair subsitution rate (<1%/myr);
- argue from the genetic evidence that Upper Pleistocene archaic and modern humans are different subspecies within Homo sapiens;
- emphasize grade/clade distinctions;
- emphasize anagenesis over cladogenesis, at least for the Middle and Upper Pleistocene;
- invoke 'lumper' taxonomies and reticulate phylogenies;
- do not link archaeological assemblages to particular kinds of hominids;
- de-emphasize typological systematics; see a temporal-spatial mosaic of archaeological changes over the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition;
- argue that moderns evolved from AHS through anagenic speciation throughout the range originally colonized by Homo erectus, and that there was substantial genetic continuity between AHS and moderns over time and space; and
- that local continuity, rather than replacement, marked the biological transition.
