Neuroscience Methods

 So You Want to Learn How to Network?

Peter Stern
Science 16 October 2009: 385.
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News

News
Alzheimer's Biomarker Initiative Hits Its Stride

Greg Miller
Science 16 October 2009: 386-389.
An effort to develop biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease is churning out new data and making plans to expand. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News
Longitudinal Alzheimer's Studies Go Global

Greg Miller
Science 16 October 2009: 388.
In the past few years, several international projects inspired in varying degrees by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (see main text) have gotten off the ground. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News
Massively Parallel Brain Imaging

Greg Miller
Science 16 October 2009: 390.
Mark Schnitzer is building tools to visualize neural activity in the fruit fly brain—100 flies at a time. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Reviews

Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Memory Allocation in Neural Circuits

Alcino J. Silva, Yu Zhou, Thomas Rogerson, Justin Shobe, and J. Balaji
Science 16 October 2009: 391-395.
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The Optogenetic Catechism

Gero Miesenböck
Science 16 October 2009: 395-399.
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Modalities, Modes, and Models in Functional Neuroimaging

Karl J. Friston
Science 16 October 2009: 399-403.
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This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 16 October 2009: 335.
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Editorial:
Great Expectations

Atsushi Miyawaki
Science 16 October 2009: 339.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 16 October 2009: 340.
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Science Podcast

Science 16 October 2009: 457.
The show includes interstellar interactions, Saudi Arabia's KAUST, the taste of carbonation, and more. Summary »|   Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

New Products

Science 16 October 2009: 457.
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

Chemistry Nobel
Honors to Researchers Who Probed Atomic Structure of Ribosomes

Robert F. Service
Science 16 October 2009: 346-347.
This year's Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to three scientists who revealed the atomic structure and inner workings of the ribosome: Ada Yonath of the Weizmann Institute of Science; Thomas Steitz of Yale University; and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Economics Nobel
Laureates Analyzed Economics Outside Markets

Adrian Cho
Science 16 October 2009: 347.
This year's "Nobel Prize" in economics honors two researchers who studied economic behavior in nonfinancial settings: Elinor Ostrom of the University of Indiana, Bloomington, for her insights into the use of shared resources, and Oliver Williamson of the University of California, Berkeley, for his analysis of how a company decides what to do or make for itself and what to buy from others. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Neuroscience
Enzyme Lets You Enjoy the Bubbly

Greg Miller
Science 16 October 2009: 349.
On page 443 of this week's issue of Science, a team of neuroscientists uses methods borrowed from electrophysiology and genetic engineering to identify a class of taste-receptor cells in the tongue that respond to carbon dioxide, the gas that gives sparkling beverages their fizz. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceNOW.org
From Science's Online Daily News Site

Science 16 October 2009: 349.
ScienceNOW reported this week that rooks comprehend basic principles of physics at the same level as a 6-month-old infant, monkey moms have Madonna moments, famous royals suffered from hemophilia, and humans lost much of their genetic diversity in two dramatic bottlenecks between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago, among other stories. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Space Physics
Tying Up the Solar System With a Ribbon of Charged Particles

Richard A. Kerr
Science 16 October 2009: 350-351.
Five papers published online in Science this week report that NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer revealed a sky-spanning "ribbon" of unexpectedly intense emissions of energetic neutral atoms. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Virology
In Holland, the Public Face of Flu Takes a Hit

Martin Enserink
Science 16 October 2009: 350-351.
Last week, it was alleged that famed virus hunter Albert Osterhaus has been stoking pandemic fears to promote his own business interests in vaccine development. As Science went to press, the Dutch House of Representatives had even slated an emergency debate about the matter. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceInsider
From the Science Policy Blog

Science 16 October 2009: 351.
ScienceInsider reported this week that French authorities have charged a nuclear physicist working as a contractor at CERN with having ties to an Algerian terrorist organization and that 51 academic biomedical scientists in Spain have published an open letter in El País declaring their "confusion" at plans for a 5.3 billion science and innovation budget, a 0.2% increase over this year's budget, among other stories. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Newsmaker Interview
Tonegawa Rethinks Japan's Premier Brain Research Center

Dennis Normile
Science 16 October 2009: 352.
This April, Nobelist Susumu Tonegawa became director of the RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI) near Tokyo, a part-time arrangement that allows him to maintain his lab at MIT. Tonegawa spoke with Science earlier this month about how he intends to raise BSI's game while coping with what he views as an inevitable downsizing. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Science Policy
Russian Expats Challenge Government's ‘Disastrous’ Support for Science

Andrey Allakhverdov and Vladimir Pokrovsky
Science 16 October 2009: 353.
In response to a 2 October letter signed by 100 Russian researchers working abroad complaining of "the disastrous situation in Russian basic research," Russian officials last week boasted about their support of science, particularly a new program to lure back 100 expat researchers to work at least 2 months a year in a Russian research institute or university. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Planetary Science
Lunar Mission: A Slam, But Was It a Dunk?

Richard A. Kerr
Science 16 October 2009: 353.
NASA officials and scientists have declared the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission a success despite the absence of the expected spray of dust and debris as the 2-ton hunk of metal slammed into the moon. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 16 October 2009: 345.
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News Focus

Science Education
The Big Gamble in the Saudi Desert

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 16 October 2009: 354-357.
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology is betting that generous funding and great facilities will attract the talent it will need to become a top-ranked institution. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Neuroscience
Fetal Cells Again?

Constance Holden
Science 16 October 2009: 358-359.
Despite past failures and growing skepticism about cell therapy in general, scientists once again plan to test fetal cell transplants on Parkinson's disease. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Newsmaker Interview: M. S. Swaminathan
A Guru of the Green Revolution Reflects on Borlaug's Legacy

Pallava Bagla
Science 16 October 2009: 361.
Agricultural scientist Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan worked with Norman Borlaug for nearly half a century and spoke with Science about the Nobel laureate's contributions to South Asia. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Profile: Veerabhadran Ramanathan
From Burning Dung to Global Warming and Back Again

Richard A. Kerr
Science 16 October 2009: 362-363.
His childhood in rural India inspired the latest twist in climate scientist Veerabhadran Ramanathan's long career studying—and now fighting—climate change. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Turning Ivory Towers into a Golden Economy

Ted Kaufman and Tom Katsouleas
Science 16 October 2009: 364.
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 Bushmeat Hunting As Climate Threat

Jedediah F. Brodie and Holly K. Gibbs
Science 16 October 2009: 364-365.
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 Climate Engineering Vulnerable to Disruption

Conway Leovy
Science 16 October 2009: 365.
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 Conserve Livestock Genetic Resources, Too

Paul J. Boettcher and Irene Hoffmann
Science 16 October 2009: 365.
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 Teaching, Not Testing, for Scientific Vision

Robert Root-Bernstein
Science 16 October 2009: 365-366.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 16 October 2009: 366.
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Books et al.

Evolution
A Fresh Theoretical Framework

Jay Odenbaugh
Science 16 October 2009: 368-369.
Writing for "philosophers, biologists, and people outside of both those categories," Godfrey-Smith explores what the process of evolution by natural selection requires and what it can explain. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Public Health
Toward a Malaria Vaccine

Brian Greenwood
Science 16 October 2009: 369.
Sherman offers an engaging, accessible history of efforts (so far unsuccessful) to develop an effective malaria vaccine. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 16 October 2009: 369.
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 09 October 2009. Summary »|  

Essays on Science and Society

Eppendorf Winner
Evolution and Revolution in Odor Detection

Richard Benton
Science 16 October 2009: 382-383.
Similarities and differences between phyla give insights into the evolution of the olfactory system. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Eppendorf Winner
2009 Grand Prize Winner

Science 16 October 2009: 383.
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Policy Forum

Intellectual Property
Balancing Innovation and Access: Patent Challenges Tip the Scales

Matthew J. Higgins and Stuart J. H. Graham
Science 16 October 2009: 370-371.
Development of new but costly pharmaceuticals is put at risk by U.S. law that emboldens generics competition. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

Neuroscience
The Speaking Brain

Peter Hagoort and Willem J. M. Levelt
Science 16 October 2009: 372-373.
Recordings of electrical activity in the human brain reveal the fine-tuned, stepwise neuronal processing of language and speech. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Paleontology
Becoming T. rex

James Clark
Science 16 October 2009: 373-374.
A small tyrannosaur from the Early Cretaceous sheds light on the origin of predatory features of Tyrannosaurus rex. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Materials Science
A Ball-and-Chain Polymer Model

C. J. Olson Reichhardt and L. M. Lopatina
Science 16 October 2009: 374-375.
A macroscopic toy model provides a method to visualize directly the complex behavior of real polymers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Physics
Observing Monopoles in a Magnetic Analog of Ice

Michel J. P. Gingras
Science 16 October 2009: 375-376.
Experimental evidence has been found that magnetic poles within metal oxide magnets can be separated. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Microbiology
Fantastic Fixers

Robinson W. Fulweiler
Science 16 October 2009: 377-378.
Microbial consortia found at deep-sea cold seeps not only reduce sulfur and oxidize methane, but can also fix nitrogen. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Physiology
Feeding the Clock

David M. Suter and Ueli Schibler
Science 16 October 2009: 378-379.
A nutrient-responsive enzyme regulates the stability of a circadian clock component. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Neuroscience
How Good Are Neuron Models?

Wulfram Gerstner and Richard Naud
Science 16 October 2009: 379-380.
A recent competition encouraged modelers to predict neuronal activity. Which neuron model performed the best? Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Retrospective
Norman Ernest Borlaug (1914–2009)

Christopher Dowswell
Science 16 October 2009: 381.
The innovative efforts of a plant scientist revolutionized farming, changed national agricultural policies, and fed the developing world. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

Direct Evidence for Spinal Cord Involvement in Placebo Analgesia

Falk Eippert, Jürgen Finsterbusch, Ulrike Bingel, and Christian Büchel
Science 16 October 2009: 404.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human spinal cord reveals a mechanism for placebo analgesia. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Phase Transitions, Melting Dynamics, and Solid-State Diffusion in a Nano Test Tube

Vincent C. Holmberg, Matthew G. Panthani, and Brian A. Korgel
Science 16 October 2009: 405-407.
A carbon coating allows the thermodynamic behavior of a germanium nanowire to be probed under constant-volume conditions. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Packing of Granular Polymer Chains

Ling-Nan Zou, Xiang Cheng, Mark L. Rivers, Heinrich M. Jaeger, and Sidney R. Nagel
Science 16 October 2009: 408-410.
The packing of connected metal rods is used as a model to study the packing behavior of granular materials and polymers. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Dirac Strings and Magnetic Monopoles in the Spin Ice Dy₂Ti₂O₇

D. J. P. Morris, D. A. Tennant, S. A. Grigera, B. Klemke, C. Castelnovo, R. Moessner, C. Czternasty, M. Meissner, K. C. Rule, J.-U. Hoffmann, K. Kiefer, S. Gerischer, D. Slobinsky, and R. S. Perry
Science 16 October 2009: 411-414.
Published online 3 September 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1178868] (in Science Express Reports)
Neutron scattering measurements on two spin-ice compounds show evidence for magnetic monopoles. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Magnetic Coulomb Phase in the Spin Ice Ho₂Ti₂O₇

T. Fennell, P. P. Deen, A. R. Wildes, K. Schmalzl, D. Prabhakaran, A. T. Boothroyd, R. J. Aldus, D. F. McMorrow, and S. T. Bramwell
Science 16 October 2009: 415-417.
Published online 3 September 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1177582] (in Science Express Reports)
Neutron scattering measurements on two spin-ice compounds show evidence for magnetic monopoles. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Tyrannosaurid Skeletal Design First Evolved at Small Body Size

Paul C. Sereno, Lin Tan, Stephen L. Brusatte, Henry J. Kriegstein, Xijin Zhao, and Karen Cloward
Science 16 October 2009: 418-422.
Published online 17 September 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1177428] (in Science Express Reports)
The distinct features of Tyrannosaurs, such as their large skull and tiny arms, appear in an earlier small-bodied species. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Deep-Sea Archaea Fix and Share Nitrogen in Methane-Consuming Microbial Consortia

Anne E. Dekas, Rachel S. Poretsky, and Victoria J. Orphan
Science 16 October 2009: 422-426.
Methane-oxidizing bacteria in marine sediments may also be a major factor in ocean nitrogen cycling. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Generation of Functional Ventricular Heart Muscle from Mouse Ventricular Progenitor Cells

Ibrahim J. Domian, Murali Chiravuri, Peter van der Meer, Adam W. Feinberg, Xi Shi, Ying Shao, Sean M. Wu, Kevin Kit Parker, and Kenneth R. Chien
Science 16 October 2009: 426-429.
A combination of tissue engineering and stem cell biology is used to build functional force-generating mouse cardiac tissue. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Generation of Medaka Fish Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells

Meisheng Yi, Ni Hong, and Yunhan Hong
Science 16 October 2009: 430-433.
Stem cells that are haploid can sustain stable growth, pluripotency, and genetic integrity in fish cell cultures. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Complete Resequencing of 40 Genomes Reveals Domestication Events and Genes in Silkworm (Bombyx)

Qingyou Xia, Yiran Guo, Ze Zhang, Dong Li, Zhaoling Xuan, Zhuo Li, Fangyin Dai, Yingrui Li, Daojun Cheng, Ruiqiang Li, Tingcai Cheng, Tao Jiang, Celine Becquet, Xun Xu, Chun Liu, Xingfu Zha, Wei Fan, Ying Lin, Yihong Shen, Lan Jiang, Jeffrey Jensen, Ines Hellmann, Si Tang, Ping Zhao, Hanfu Xu, Chang Yu, Guojie Zhang, Jun Li, Jianjun Cao, Shiping Liu, Ningjia He, Yan Zhou, Hui Liu, Jing Zhao, Chen Ye, Zhouhe Du, Guoqing Pan, Aichun Zhao, Haojing Shao, Wei Zeng, Ping Wu, Chunfeng Li, Minhui Pan, Jingjing Li, Xuyang Yin, Dawei Li, Juan Wang, Huisong Zheng, Wen Wang, Xiuqing Zhang, Songgang Li, Huanming Yang, Cheng Lu, Rasmus Nielsen, Zeyang Zhou, Jian Wang, Zhonghuai Xiang, and Jun Wang
Science 16 October 2009: 433-436.
Published online 27 August 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1176620] (in Science Express Reports)
Silkworm genomes show signatures of selection associated with domestication. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

AMPK Regulates the Circadian Clock by Cryptochrome Phosphorylation and Degradation

Katja A. Lamia, Uma M. Sachdeva, Luciano DiTacchio, Elliot C. Williams, Jacqueline G. Alvarez, Daniel F. Egan, Debbie S. Vasquez, Henry Juguilon, Satchidananda Panda, Reuben J. Shaw, Craig B. Thompson, and Ronald M. Evans
Science 16 October 2009: 437-440.
The protein kinase AMPK couples circadian clocks and metabolism in mammals through effects on a cryptochrome protein. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Teachers’ Participation in Research Programs Improves Their Students’ Achievement in Science

Samuel C. Silverstein, Jay Dubner, Jon Miller, Sherry Glied, and John D. Loike
Science 16 October 2009: 440-442.
Students of U.S. high school teachers given science research experiences show improved success rates on science exams. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Taste of Carbonation

Jayaram Chandrashekar, David Yarmolinsky, Lars von Buchholtz, Yuki Oka, William Sly, Nicholas J. P. Ryba, and Charles S. Zuker
Science 16 October 2009: 443-445.
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase mediates the taste sensation of carbonated drinks. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Sequential Processing of Lexical, Grammatical, and Phonological Information Within Broca’s Area

Ned T. Sahin, Steven Pinker, Sydney S. Cash, Donald Schomer, and Eric Halgren
Science 16 October 2009: 445-449.
Intracranial electrodes record activity in a language-associated area of the brain as words are identified and produced. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Fast Synaptic Subcortical Control of Hippocampal Circuits

Viktor Varga, Attila Losonczy, Boris V. Zemelman, Zsolt Borhegyi, Gábor Nyiri, Andor Domonkos, Balázs Hangya, Noémi Holderith, Jeffrey C. Magee, and Tamás F. Freund
Science 16 October 2009: 449-453.
A form of subcortical control of cortical information processing is mediated by a synaptic release of serotonin and glutamate. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|