This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 5 June 2009: 1239.
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Editorial:
Science for Future Physicians

Sharon Long and Robert Alpern
Science 5 June 2009: 1241.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 5 June 2009: 1242.
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Science Podcast

Science 5 June 2009: 1341.
The show includes returns on science investments, human social evolution, the origin of sexual reproduction, and more. Summary »|   Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

New Products

Science 5 June 2009: 1341.
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

Particle Physics
Chinese Scientists Hope to Make Deepest, Darkest Dreams Come True

Dennis Normile
Science 5 June 2009: 1246-1247.
After months of negotiations, on 8 May Tsinghua University in Beijing signed an agreement to build the deepest underground science facility in the world, edging out—by 100 meters or so—a planned U.S. project. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Research Facilities
European Neutron Source Finally Finds a Home

Daniel Clery
Science 5 June 2009: 1247.
After 15 years on the drawing board, the countries interested in funding the European Spallation Source picked a site last week on which to build it in Lund, Sweden. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Geoscience
The Quaternary Period Wins Out in the End

Richard A. Kerr
Science 5 June 2009: 1249.
Geoscientists are making room for an interval of time that is uniquely human. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceNOW.org
From Science's Online Daily News Site

Science 5 June 2009: 1249.
Highlights from Science's online daily news site, ScienceNOW, this week include preventing a plant apocalypse, a billion-year hard drive, iPS cells to the rescue, a quantum widget, and a possible way to prevent blood clots without aspirin. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. Higher Education
Report Finds No Gender Bias in Faculty Hiring, Resources

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 5 June 2009: 1250-1251.
A new report by the U.S. National Academies says that women are getting a fair shake from major research universities in being hired, promoted, and given access to resources—once they can grab onto the academic ladder and start climbing the rungs. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Newsmaker Interview
Eugenie Scott Toils in Defense of Evolution

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 5 June 2009: 1250-1251.
As executive director of the National Center for Science Education, Eugenie Scott has spent the past 2 decades on the frontlines of the contentious battle over teaching evolution in U.S. public schools. Scott spoke to Science last week about where things now stand. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceInsider
From the Science Policy Blog

Science 5 June 2009: 1251.
A call to include damage to oceans in climate policy, a trio of new government ministers in India, and a contrarian analysis of swine flu data were among the stories covered by ScienceInsider in the past week. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Biology of Genomes, 5-9 May 2009, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
Water Flea Boasts Whopper Gene Count

Science 5 June 2009: 1252.
Daphnia pulex, a crustacean common in lakes and ponds around the world, is no bigger than the letters on this page, but its genome contains more genes than some much larger organisms have, scientists reported at the Biology of Genomes meeting. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Biology of Genomes, 5-9 May 2009, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
Some RNA May Play Key Role in Repressing Genes, Slowing Cancer

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 5 June 2009: 1252-1253.
Just as junk DNA proved to be more than junk, at least some non-protein-coding RNA translates into meaningful molecules that may play key roles in turning genes on and off, scientists reported at the Biology of Genomes meeting. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Biology of Genomes, 5-9 May 2009, cold Spring Harbor, New York
The Bug and the Bacterium: Interdependent Genomes

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 5 June 2009: 1253.
The newly sequenced DNA of the pea aphid, a common pest of legume crops, reflects a long history of give-and-take between the genomes of the bug and a tiny bacterium called Buchnera aphidicola, scientists reported at the Biology of Genomes meeting. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 5 June 2009: 1245.
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News Focus

Origins
On the Origin of Sexual Reproduction

Carl Zimmer
Science 5 June 2009: 1254-1256.
Why sex? In the sixth essay in Science's series in honor of the Year of Darwin, Carl Zimmer explores why so many species take such a labyrinthine path to reproduction, when straightforward routes are available. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Transportation Research
Hydrogen Cars: Fad or the Future?

Robert F. Service
Science 5 June 2009: 1257-1259.
The Obama Administration wants to end the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles program, which proponents see as the ultimate clean-car technology. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Marine Biology
Persevering Researchers Make a Splash With Farm-Bred Tuna

Dennis Normile
Science 5 June 2009: 1260-1261.
A 30-year effort has paid off in raising bluefin tuna in captivity, but the benefit for wild stocks of the embattled predator may be years more away. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Marine Biology
Scientists Get No Respect From Fishery Managers

Dennis Normile
Science 5 June 2009: 1261.
A 2008 report on the health of the bluefin tuna stock in the East Atlantic and Mediterranean recommended setting a catch quota of 15,000 tons starting in 2009. Fishery managers responded by setting quotas of 22,000 tons in 2010, 19,950 tons in 2011, and 18,500 tons in 2012. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Astronomy
The Tales Told by Lonely Galaxies

Adrian Cho
Science 5 June 2009: 1262-1263.
To what extent is a galaxy shaped by its surroundings? To find out, astronomers are seeking the rare ones that appear to be isolated. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Stem Cell Debate Extends to Scientists

Susan Boackle
Science 5 June 2009: 1264.
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 A Step Ahead on the HIV Collaboratory

Robert L. Murphy, Brigitte Autran, Christine Katlama, Gilles Brucker, Patrice Debre, Vincent Calvez, Bonaventura Clotet, Nathan Clumeck, Dominique Costagliola, Steven G. Deeks, Lucy Dorrell, Jose Gatell, Ashley Haase, Michel Klein, Adriano Lazzarin, Andrew J. McMichael, Laura Papagno, Timothy W. Schacker, Simon Wain-Hobson, Bruce D. Walker, and Michael Youle
Science 5 June 2009: 1264-1265.
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 Keeping Mars Clean

William R. Kramer
Science 5 June 2009: 1265-1266.
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 Life in Science
It Takes a Village

Sarian Kosten and Gissell Lacerot
Science 5 June 2009: 1265.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 5 June 2009: 1266.
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Books et al.

Summer Reading
Pages to Turn on a Lazy Day

Science 5 June 2009: 1267-1269.
This year's summer reading suggestions present recommendations from AAAS interns and media fellows, graduate students, and postdocs. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Ecology
A Story of Symbiosis

Leigh Krietsch Boerner
Science 5 June 2009: 1270.
The adventures of the Beans in Marder's fanciful world reflect aspects of ecology, culture, invention, and the scientific method. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Mathematics
Numbers to Remember By

Katharine Ott
Science 5 June 2009: 1271.
In Ogawa's quiet novel, numbers allow a mathematician who can't form memories to connect with his housekeeper and her son. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Browsings

Science 5 June 2009: 1271.
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Books Received

Science 5 June 2009: 1271.
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 29 May 2009. Summary »|  

Policy Forum

Science Innovation
Assessing the Impact of Science Funding

Julia Lane
Science 5 June 2009: 1273-1275.
Quantifying the outcomes of investment in science is not an easy task. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Perspectives

Materials Science
Watching Nanocrystals Grow

Christopher B. Murray
Science 5 June 2009: 1276-1277.
In situ transmission electron microscopy has revealed unprecedented detail in the growth of platinum nanocrystals. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Physics
Dealing with Decoherence

Jan Fischer and Daniel Loss
Science 5 June 2009: 1277-1278.
For quantum computers to be a reality, the effects of interactions of qubits with their environment must be minimized. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Biochemistry
Force Signaling in Biology

J. Christof, M. Gebhardt, and Matthias Rief
Science 5 June 2009: 1278-1280.
Single-molecule studies are revealing the biomolecular processes initiated when biological systems sense mechanical forces. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Anthropology
On Becoming Modern

Ruth Mace
Science 5 June 2009: 1280-1281.
Human social evolution is determined by demography. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Cell Biology
Hypoxic Hookup

Leonard Guarente
Science 5 June 2009: 1281-1282.
The range of protective effects that a sirtuin deacetylase affords to cells and organisms under stressful conditions continues to grow. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Immunology
Amino Acid Addiction

J. Magarian Blander and Derk Amsen
Science 5 June 2009: 1282-1283.
Signaling pathways that control cellular responses to stress may also specify T cell differentiation. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Disulfide Formation in the ER and Mitochondria: Two Solutions to a Common Process

Jan Riemer, Neil Bulleid, and Johannes M. Herrmann
Science 5 June 2009: 1284-1287.
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Brevia

Anthropogenic Impacts on Nitrogen Isotopes of Ice-Core Nitrate

M. G. Hastings, J. C. Jarvis, and E. J. Steig
Science 5 June 2009: 1288.
The isotopic composition of nitrogen in nitrate deposited in Greenland has changed markedly over the past 150 years. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 Signaling by the Stress-Responsive Deacetylase Sirtuin 1

Elhadji M. Dioum, Rui Chen, Matthew S. Alexander, Quiyang Zhang, Richard T. Hogg, Robert D. Gerard, and Joseph A. Garcia
Science 5 June 2009: 1289-1293.
A deacetylase implicated in aging directly regulates a transcription factor that controls stress-responsive genes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Did Warfare Among Ancestral Hunter-Gatherers Affect the Evolution of Human Social Behaviors?

Samuel Bowles
Science 5 June 2009: 1293-1298.
Prehistoric conflict among humans could have favored the survival of groups containing altruists. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Late Pleistocene Demography and the Appearance of Modern Human Behavior

Adam Powell, Stephen Shennan, and Mark G. Thomas
Science 5 June 2009: 1298-1301.
Population size and migration account for modern human behavior appearing in Africa about 90,000 years ago but much later across Europe. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Pd-Pt Bimetallic Nanodendrites with High Activity for Oxygen Reduction

Byungkwon Lim, Majiong Jiang, Pedro H. C. Camargo, Eun Chul Cho, Jing Tao, Xianmao Lu, Yimei Zhu, and Younan Xia
Science 5 June 2009: 1302-1305.
Published online 14 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1170377] (in Science Express Reports)
The catalytic activity of platinum is enhanced through a growth process that creates nanocrystals with high surface area. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Natural Quasicrystals

Luca Bindi, Paul J. Steinhardt, Nan Yao, and Peter J. Lu
Science 5 June 2009: 1306-1309.
A sample of the mineral khatyrkite contains quasicrystals, which are ordered but lack the translational symmetry of crystals. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Observation of Single Colloidal Platinum Nanocrystal Growth Trajectories

Haimei Zheng, Rachel K. Smith, Young-wook Jun, Christian Kisielowski, Ulrich Dahmen, and A. Paul Alivisatos
Science 5 June 2009: 1309-1312.
Transmission electron microscopy provides details of the growth mechanisms of platinum nanocrystals in solution. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils

Xuesong Li, Weiwei Cai, Jinho An, Seyoung Kim, Junghyo Nah, Dongxing Yang, Richard Piner, Aruna Velamakanni, Inhwa Jung, Emanuel Tutuc, Sanjay K. Banerjee, Luigi Colombo, and Rodney S. Ruoff
Science 5 June 2009: 1312-1314.
Published online 7 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1171245] (in Science Express Reports)
Predominantly single-layer graphene films grow in a self-limited manner on copper and can be transferred to other substrates. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Superconductivity at the Two-Dimensional Limit

Shengyong Qin, Jungdae Kim, Qian Niu, and Chih-Kang Shih
Science 5 June 2009: 1314-1317.
Published online 30 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1170775] (in Science Express Reports)
Superconductivity persists in lead films down to just two monolayers thick. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Social Transmission of a Host Defense Against Cuckoo Parasitism

Nicholas B. Davies and Justin A. Welbergen
Science 5 June 2009: 1318-1320.
Social learning and predisposition explains why reed warblers mob parasitic cuckoos but not innocuous parrots. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Epigenetic Temporal Control of Mouse Hox Genes in Vivo

Natalia Soshnikova and Denis Duboule
Science 5 June 2009: 1320-1323.
A time-dependent transition in chromatin modifications parallels the sequential activation of genes involved in embryo organization. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

McsB Is a Protein Arginine Kinase That Phosphorylates and Inhibits the Heat-Shock Regulator CtsR

Jakob Fuhrmann, Andreas Schmidt, Silvia Spiess, Anita Lehner, Kürsad Turgay, Karl Mechtler, Emmanuelle Charpentier, and Tim Clausen
Science 5 June 2009: 1323-1327.
A protein kinase can specifically target arginine residues in a transcription factor to regulate its DNA binding. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Rhes, a Striatal Specific Protein, Mediates Mutant-Huntingtin Cytotoxicity

Srinivasa Subramaniam, Katherine M. Sixt, Roxanne Barrow, and Solomon H. Snyder
Science 5 June 2009: 1327-1330.
A small G protein localized in the brain striatum may explain the localized neurodegeneration observed in Huntington’s disease. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Mechanoenzymatic Cleavage of the Ultralarge Vascular Protein von Willebrand Factor

Xiaohui Zhang, Kenneth Halvorsen, Cheng-Zhong Zhang, Wesley P. Wong, and Timothy A. Springer
Science 5 June 2009: 1330-1334.
Mechanical forces regulate the length of von Willebrand factor multimers and thus regulate thrombogenic potential. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Halofuginone Inhibits T_H17 Cell Differentiation by Activating the Amino Acid Starvation Response

Mark S. Sundrud, Sergei B. Koralov, Markus Feuerer, Dinis Pedro Calado, Aimee ElHed Kozhaya, Ava Rhule-Smith, Rachel E. Lefebvre, Derya Unutmaz, Ralph Mazitschek, Hanspeter Waldner, Malcolm Whitman, Tracy Keller, and Anjana Rao
Science 5 June 2009: 1334-1338.
Activation of the amino acid starvation response inhibits differentiation of a subset of inflammatory T cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Endogenous Activation Patterns of Cdc42 GTPase Within Drosophila Embryos

Daichi Kamiyama and Akira Chiba
Science 5 June 2009: 1338-1340.
Bioprobe imaging reveals precise patterns of activation for a signaling protein in the neurons of intact animals. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|