Plant-Microbe Interactions

 What's Bugging Plants?

Pamela J. Hines and Laura M. Zahn
Science 8 May 2009: 741.
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Perspectives

Innate Immunity in Plants: An Arms Race Between Pattern Recognition Receptors in Plants and Effectors in Microbial Pathogens

Thomas Boller and Sheng Yang He
Science 8 May 2009: 742-744.
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To Nibble at Plant Resistance Proteins

F. L. W. Takken and W. I. L. Tameling
Science 8 May 2009: 744-746.
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Plant-Microbe Interactions: Chemical Diversity in Plant Defense

Pawel Bednarek and Anne Osbourn
Science 8 May 2009: 746-748.
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Terrific Protein Traffic: The Mystery of Effector Protein Delivery by Filamentous Plant Pathogens

Ralph Panstruga and Peter N. Dodds
Science 8 May 2009: 748-750.
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Hormone (Dis)harmony Moulds Plant Health and Disease

Murray R. Grant and Jonathan D. G. Jones
Science 8 May 2009: 750-752.
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Reprogramming Plant Cells for Endosymbiosis

Giles E. D. Oldroyd, Maria J. Harrison, and Uta Paszkowski
Science 8 May 2009: 753-754.
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Coevolution of Plants and Their Pathogens in Natural Habitats

Jeremy J. Burdon and Peter H. Thrall
Science 8 May 2009: 755-756.
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This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 8 May 2009: 687.
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Editorial:
Next-Generation Communication

Ton Bisseling, Jeffery L. Dangl, and Paul Schulze-Lefert
Science 8 May 2009: 691.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 8 May 2009: 693.
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Video: The Famine Fighter's Last Battle

Science 8 May 2009: 710.
An audio slideshow chronicles Norman Borlaugs lifelong efforts to defeat a wheat pathogen called stem rust (also see News Focus). Summary »|   Full Text »|  

Science Podcast

Science 8 May 2009: 818.
The show includes imaging animal cells with infrared fluorescent proteins, benefits of bioelectricity versus bioethanol, combating wheat rust, and more. Summary »|   Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

New Products

Science 8 May 2009: 818.
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

Swine Flu Outbreak
Out of Mexico? Scientists Ponder Swine Flu's Origins

Jon Cohen
Science 8 May 2009: 700-702.
The origin of the virus behind the current swine flu outbreak, its muscle power, and how much of a threat it presents remain mysteries. But the virus itself has helped clear up some matters. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Swine Flu Outbreak
Devilish Dilemmas Surround Pandemic Flu Vaccine

Martin Enserink and Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 8 May 2009: 702-705.
If and when a pandemic of H1N1 swine flu hits, vaccines might be the world's best hope for softening the blow. But major uncertainties cloud the prospects for vaccines against the new strain. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceInsider
From the Science Policy Blog

Science 8 May 2009: 703.
Since the H1N1 outbreak first surfaced 21 April, ScienceInsider has posted dozens of items as events unfolded, mixing analysis with breaking news and interviews with scientists fighting the virus around the world. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Swine Flu Outbreak
What Role for Antiviral Drugs?

Jennifer Couzin-Frankel
Science 8 May 2009: 705.
There's good news and bad news about the new H1N1 swine flu strain circling the globe. Two antiviral drugs can squelch it. But stocks are too small to protect everyone in a worst-case scenario outbreak; health officials also worry that the virus could become resistant to the drugs. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Newsmaker Interview
Corey Goodman, Post-Pfizer, On the Allure of Enterprise

Jennifer Couzin-Frankel
Science 8 May 2009: 706.
Neuroscientist Corey Goodman's career has spanned academia, small biotechnology start-ups, and big pharma. He spoke with Science last week; the interview has been edited for brevity. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Biodefense
Army Bans Pathogen Work at Lab After Security Lapse

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 8 May 2009: 707.
The U.S. Army's unprecedented decision to ban one of its premier biodefense labs from conducting any work involving dangerous pathogens has left some two dozen researchers unable to continue high-profile research projects such as developing a vaccine against brucellosis and testing ways to rapidly detect biowarfare agents. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Energy Research
DOE Commits $777 Million to Apply Basic Science to Urgent Problems

Eli Kintisch
Science 8 May 2009: 708.
The Department of Energy (DOE) hopes its new Energy Frontier Research Centers will bridge the gap between basic and applied work in energy research. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Astrophysics
Fermi Data Dim Dark-Matter Claim

Adrian Cho
Science 8 May 2009: 709.
Data from a new satellite appear to stick a pin in a previous claim that a balloon experiment may have spotted dark matter. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceNOW.org
From Science's Online Daily News Site

Science 8 May 2009: 709.
Highlights from Science's online daily news site, ScienceNOW, this week include suns that eat their planets, a bird that can boogie, an invisibility cloak for almost-visible light, and a discovery connecting narcolepsy and the immune system. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 8 May 2009: 699.
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News Focus

Plant Pathology
The Famine Fighter's Last Battle

Erik Stokstad
Science 8 May 2009: 710-712.
More than a half-century after the research that helped spark the green revolution, Norman Borlaug is again fighting a devastating fungus that threatens wheat around the world. (Also: slideshow.) Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Wenchuan Earthquake
A Deeply Scarred Land

Richard Stone
Science 8 May 2009: 713-714.
Rock and mudslides in Sichuan have buried vast forested areas, ruined farmland, and disrupted the habitats of pandas and golden monkeys; the recovery will take decades. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Wenchuan Earthquake
Some Unwelcome Questions About Big Dams

Richard Stone
Science 8 May 2009: 714.
Soon after the magnitude-7.9 Wenchuan earthquake struck last May, geologist Fan Xiao asked: Could a large dam near the fault have triggered the devastating quake? Science spoke with Fan about his views. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Myanmar
One Year After a Devastating Cyclone, a Bitter Harvest

Richard Stone
Science 8 May 2009: 715.
Myanmar weathered Cyclone Nargis better than expected, but the global financial crisis has jeopardized the country's fragile food security. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Archaeology
Going the Distance to Uncover The Roots of Trade in the Near East

Andrew Lawler
Science 8 May 2009: 717.
Archaeologists are revealing the "invisible exports" of the world's first civilizations: textiles, silk, and stone shipped to ordinary people rather than elites. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Astronomy
Shuttle Crew Set to Prepare Hubble For a Star-Studded Grand Finale

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 8 May 2009: 718-719.
New instruments and crucial repairs will make the Hubble Space Telescope's last years an astronomical feast, if a NASA mission this month goes as planned. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Astronomy
A Reprieve—and Risk

Andrew Lawler
Science 8 May 2009: 719.
The mission to give the Hubble Space Telescope a new lease on life is just the tail end of a long and bitter battle waged by scientists, who won critical support from politicians and the public, after a previous mission was canceled in the wake of the Columbia disaster. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 The Spread of Grapevine Trunk Disease

Christophe Bertsch, Philippe Larignon, Sibylle Farine, Christophe Clément, and Florence Fontaine
Science 8 May 2009: 721.
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 Eutrophication: More Nitrogen Data Needed

D. W. Schindler and R. E. Hecky
Science 8 May 2009: 721-722.
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 Eutrophication: Focus on Phosphorus

Claire L. Schelske
Science 8 May 2009: 722.
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 Eutrophication: Model Before Acting

Andreas C. Bryhn and Lars Håkanson
Science 8 May 2009: 723.
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 Eutrophication: Time to Adjust Expectations

Charles A. Jacoby and Thomas K. Frazer
Science 8 May 2009: 723-724.
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 Eutrophication: Time to Adjust Expectations—Response

Daniel J. Conley, Hans W. Paerl, Robert W. Howarth, Donald F. Boesch, Sybil P. Seitzinger, Karl E. Havens, Christiane Lancelot, and Gene E. Likens
Science 8 May 2009: 724-725.
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Books et al.

Psychology
Human Inhumanity

Prashanth Ak
Science 8 May 2009: 726.
Taylor explores how knowledge of how the human brain works might help us to understand, and tackle the problems of, cruel behaviors. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 8 May 2009: 726.
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 01 May 2009. Summary »|  

Policy Forum

Medicine
A History Lesson for Stem Cells

James M. Wilson
Science 8 May 2009: 727-728.
Factors that led to the decline of gene therapy at the turn of the century should be considered by the stem cell community to avoid a similar outcome. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

Planetary Science
The Origin of Plasmaspheric Hiss

Ondrej Santolík and Jaroslav Chum
Science 8 May 2009: 729-730.
Observations by the THEMIS spacecraft are providing a better picture of the electromagnetic environment surrounding Earth. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Archaeology
Origins of Agriculture in East Asia

Martin K. Jones and Xinyi Liu
Science 8 May 2009: 730-731.
During the initial phase of cereal cultivation in East Asia, domesticated traits emerged only slowly. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Neuroscience
The Sources of Human Volition

Patrick Haggard
Science 8 May 2009: 731-733.
Two regions of the brain contribute to the conscious experience of carrying out an action. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Ecology
Some Like It Cold

Charles H. Greene, Bruce C. Monger, and Louise P. McGarry
Science 8 May 2009: 733-734.
Northern shrimp stocks thrive when climatic conditions lead to cold bottom waters. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Plant Science
An Invasive Plant Paradox

Marnie E. Rout and Ragan M. Callaway
Science 8 May 2009: 734-735.
One reason that invasive plants may thrive in new environments is their interactions with soil microbes that increase nitrogen cycling. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Elemental Composition of the Martian Crust

Harry Y. McSween, Jr., G. Jeffrey Taylor, and Michael B. Wyatt
Science 8 May 2009: 736-739.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

A Gene Necessary for Reproductive Suppression in Termites

Judith Korb, Tobias Weil, Katharina Hoffmann, Kevin R. Foster, and Michael Rehli
Science 8 May 2009: 758.
Knocking out the Neofem2 gene in queen termites illicits pre-reproductive behavior in workers. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex

Roozbeh Kiani and Michael N. Shadlen
Science 8 May 2009: 759-764.
Neurons in the primate parietal cortex encode information required to make a decision and also the certainty of that choice. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Characterization of Multipartite Entanglement for One Photon Shared Among Four Optical Modes

Scott B. Papp, Kyung Soo Choi, Hui Deng, Pavel Lougovski, S. J. van Enk, and H. J. Kimble
Science 8 May 2009: 764-768.
Sharing a single photon between four optical modes creates entangled states that could be used in quantum information processing. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

N-Doping of Graphene Through Electrothermal Reactions with Ammonia

Xinran Wang, Xiaolin Li, Li Zhang, Youngki Yoon, Peter K. Weber, Hailiang Wang, Jing Guo, and Hongjie Dai
Science 8 May 2009: 768-771.
The edges of graphene nanoribbons incorporate nitrogen atoms after heating in an atmosphere of ammonia. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

An Experimental Design Method Leading to Chemical Turing Patterns

Judit Horváth, István Szalai, and Patrick De Kepper
Science 8 May 2009: 772-775.
Three design criteria were used to create sustained stationary patterns in the thiourea-iodate-sulfite reaction system. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

An Observation Linking the Origin of Plasmaspheric Hiss to Discrete Chorus Emissions

J. Bortnik, W. Li, R. M. Thorne, V. Angelopoulos, C. Cully, J. Bonnell, O. Le Contel, and A. Roux
Science 8 May 2009: 775-778.
The radio waves that remove energetic electrons from Earth’s radiation belts originate outside the plasmasphere. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Role of Aerosols in the Evolution of Tropical North Atlantic Ocean Temperature Anomalies

Amato T. Evan, Daniel J. Vimont, Andrew K. Heidinger, James P. Kossin, and Ralf Bennartz
Science 8 May 2009: 778-781.
Published online 26 March 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1167404] (in Science Express Reports)
Changes in tropical North Atlantic sea surface temperatures are caused by variability in atmospheric aerosol abundances. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

UV Absorption Cross Sections of ClOOCl Are Consistent with Ozone Degradation Models

Hsueh-Ying Chen, Chien-Yu Lien, Wei-Yen Lin, Yuan T. Lee, and Jim J. Lin
Science 8 May 2009: 781-784.
Measurements of how well ClOOCl molecules absorb ultraviolet light support standard models of chlorine-induced ozone degradation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Host Inhibition of a Bacterial Virulence Effector Triggers Immunity to Infection

Vardis Ntoukakis, Tatiana S. Mucyn, Selena Gimenez-Ibanez, Helen C. Chapman, Jose R. Gutierrez, Alexi L. Balmuth, Alexandra M. E. Jones, and John P. Rathjen
Science 8 May 2009: 784-787.
An enzyme in tomato targets bacterial virulence to change the outcome of infection from susceptibility to immunity. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Development of a Second-Generation Antiandrogen for Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer

Chris Tran, Samedy Ouk, Nicola J. Clegg, Yu Chen, Philip A. Watson, Vivek Arora, John Wongvipat, Peter M. Smith-Jones, Dongwon Yoo, Andrew Kwon, Teresa Wasielewska, Derek Welsbie, Charlie Degui Chen, Celestia S. Higano, Tomasz M. Beer, David T. Hung, Howard I. Scher, Michael E. Jung, and Charles L. Sawyers
Science 8 May 2009: 787-790.
Published online 9 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1168175] (in Science Express Reports)
A drug that binds to the androgen receptor acts by disrupting its activity in the cell nucleus. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Basin-Scale Coherence in Phenology of Shrimps and Phytoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean

P. Koeller, C. Fuentes-Yaco, T. Platt, S. Sathyendranath, A. Richards, P. Ouellet, D. Orr, U. Skúladóttir, K. Wieland, L. Savard, and M. Aschan
Science 8 May 2009: 791-793.
Shrimp reproduction is primed by bottom temperature and not directly by cues from the spring phytoplankton bloom. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Apicomplexan Parasites Co-Opt Host Calpains to Facilitate Their Escape from Infected Cells

Rajesh Chandramohanadas, Paul H. Davis, Daniel P. Beiting, Michael B. Harbut, Claire Darling, Geetha Velmourougane, Ming Yeh Lee, Peter A. Greer, David S. Roos, and Doron C. Greenbaum
Science 8 May 2009: 794-797.
Published online 2 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1171085] (in Science Express Reports)
A host protease helps newly replicated microbial parasites escape from incubator cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Free of Vector and Transgene Sequences

Junying Yu, Kejin Hu, Kim Smuga-Otto, Shulan Tian, Ron Stewart, Igor I. Slukvin, and James A. Thomson
Science 8 May 2009: 797-801.
Published online 26 March 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1172482] (in Science Express Reports)
Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be generated without integration of exogenous DNA into their genomes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Benzothiazinones Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Blocking Arabinan Synthesis

Vadim Makarov, Giulia Manina, Katarina Mikusova, Ute Möllmann, Olga Ryabova, Brigitte Saint-Joanis, Neeraj Dhar, Maria Rosalia Pasca, Silvia Buroni, Anna Paola Lucarelli, Anna Milano, Edda De Rossi, Martina Belanova, Adela Bobovska, Petronela Dianiskova, Jana Kordulakova, Claudia Sala, Elizabeth Fullam, Patricia Schneider, John D. McKinney, Priscille Brodin, Thierry Christophe, Simon Waddell, Philip Butcher, Jakob Albrethsen, Ida Rosenkrands, Roland Brosch, Vrinda Nandi, Sowmya Bharath, Sheshagiri Gaonkar, Radha K. Shandil, Venkataraman Balasubramanian, Tanjore Balganesh, Sandeep Tyagi, Jacques Grosset, Giovanna Riccardi, and Stewart T. Cole
Science 8 May 2009: 801-804.
Published online 19 March 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1171583] (in Science Express Reports)
An isomerase required for cell-wall synthesis is a target for an alternative drug lead for tuberculosis treatment. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Mammalian Expression of Infrared Fluorescent Proteins Engineered from a Bacterial Phytochrome

Xiaokun Shu, Antoine Royant, Michael Z. Lin, Todd A. Aguilera, Varda Lev-Ram, Paul A. Steinbach, and Roger Y. Tsien
Science 8 May 2009: 804-807.
An engineered infrared fluorescent protein derived from an extremophile bacterium gives a strong signal in mammalian cells.

A bacteriophytochrome incorporating biliverdin has been engineered to generate strong infrared fluorescence in mammalian cells and whole mice. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

High-Throughput Sequencing of the Zebrafish Antibody Repertoire

Joshua A. Weinstein, Ning Jiang, Richard A. White, III, Daniel S. Fisher, and Stephen R. Quake
Science 8 May 2009: 807-810.
Sequencing of immunoglobulin messenger RNA characterizes the diversity of the antibody repertoire in individual zebrafish. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Movement Intention After Parietal Cortex Stimulation in Humans

Michel Desmurget, Karen T. Reilly, Nathalie Richard, Alexandru Szathmari, Carmine Mottolese, and Angela Sirigu
Science 8 May 2009: 811-813.
Stimulation of the parietal cortex causes subjects to report having moved, even in the absence of actual motor responses. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|