This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 9 January 2009: 183.
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Editorial:
A Celebration and a Challenge

Andrew Sugden, Brooks Hanson, Elizabeth Pennisi, and Elizabeth Culotta
Science 9 January 2009: 185.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 9 January 2009: 186.
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Quarterly Author Index

Science 9 January 2009: 279.
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Science Podcast

Science 9 January 2009: 279.
Summary: The 9 January 2009 show includes responses to racism, love songs of the dengue vector mosquito, and a new series about evolution. Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

NEW PRODUCTS

Science 9 January 2008: 279.
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News of the Week

CONSERVATION: Scientists Laud Bush's Blue Legacy But Want More

Christopher Pala
Science 9 January 2009: 192-193.
Summary: Setting a middle course between the wishes of marine biologists and the concerns of the Pentagon and recreational fishers, President George W. Bush this week dusted off a little-used law for the second time in his Administration to protect swaths of ocean totaling an area the size of Spain. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CLIMATE CHANGE: Higher Temperatures Seen Reducing Global Harvests

Constance Holden
Science 9 January 2009: 193.
Summary: In a paper appearing on page 240 of this week's issue of Science, researchers apply 23 global climate models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to estimate end-of-century temperatures. Their conclusions with regard to agriculture are sobering. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY: A New Spy Agency Asks Academics for Help in Meeting Its Mission

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 9 January 2009: 194.
Summary: In a rare interview, Lisa Porter, the director of the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency, discussed the agency's progress and plans with Science. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

NEUROSCIENCE: Brain Scans of Pain Raise Questions for the Law

Greg Miller
Science 9 January 2009: 195.
Summary: Neuroimaging is knocking on the courthouse door. But although certain brain regions consistently rev up when people experience pain, neuroscientists have yet to demonstrate that the converse is true: that any particular pattern of brain activity necessarily indicates the presence of pain. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MICROBIOLOGY: TB Bacteria May Reign Over Cells Intended to Bridle Them

Evelyn Strauss
Science 9 January 2009: 196.
Summary: Researchers report this week that rather than protecting the host as conventional wisdom holds, the hallmark tuberculosis lesions called granulomas in fact promote bacterial multiplication early in infection. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PARTICLE PHYSICS: Indian Neutrino Detector Hits Snag on Environmental Concerns

Pallava Bagla
Science 9 January 2009: 197.
Summary: Concerns about the well-being of elephants have so far blocked plans for the $167 million India-based Neutrino Observatory, which would tune in to the lightest known fundamental particles. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 9 January 2009: 189.
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Newsmakers

Science 9 January 2009: 191.
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News Focus

EVOLUTIONARY ROOTS: On the Origin of Life on Earth

Carl Zimmer
Science 9 January 2009: 198-199.
Summary: In the first of a monthly series of essays celebrating the Year of Darwin, Carl Zimmer discusses attempts to unravel how life originated on Earth by recreating the process in the laboratory. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

ARCHAEOLOGY: Seeking Africa's First Iron Men

Heather Pringle
Science 9 January 2009: 200-202.
Summary: Archaeologists are battling over when--and how--ancient African cultures entered the Iron Age. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BIOMEDICINE: A New View on--and Hope for--an Old Disease

Lauren Cahoon
Science 9 January 2009: 203-205.
Summary: Researchers are debating whether growths called tubers cause the mental problems in many people with tuberous sclerosis. Regardless, an organ-transplant drug may offer a treatment for the rare disease. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BIOMEDICINE: A Discriminating Killer

Lauren Cahoon
Science 9 January 2009: 204.
Summary: One of tuberous sclerosis complex's most mysterious manifestations is lymphangioleiomyomatosis, a progressive lung disease that only affects women and typically proves fatal within a decade or two of its diagnosis. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Unsung Hero Robert C. Gallo

Giovanni Abbadessa, Roberto Accolla, Fernando Aiuti, Adriana Albini, Anna Aldovini, Massimo Alfano, Guido Antonelli, Courtenay Bartholomew, Zvi Bentwich, Umberto Bertazzoni, Jay A. Berzofsky, Peter Biberfeld, Enzo Boeri, Luigi Buonaguro, Franco M. Buonaguro, Michael Bukrinsky, Arsène Burny, Arnaldo Caruso, Sharon Cassol, Prakash Chandra, Luca Ceccherini-Nelli, Luigi Chieco-Bianchi, Mario Clerici, Sandra Colombini-Hatch, Carlo de Giuli Morghen, Andrea de Maria, Anita de Rossi, Manfred Dierich, Riccardo Dalla-Favera, Antonina Dolei, Daniel Douek, Volker Erfle, Barbara Felber, Simona Fiorentini, Genoveffa Franchini, Jonathan M. Gershoni, Frances Gotch, Patrick Green, Warner C. Greene, William Hall, William Haseltine, Stephens Jacobson, Lars O. Kallings, Vaniambadi S. Kalyanaraman, Hermann Katinger, Kamel Khalili, George Klein, Eva Klein, Mary Klotman, Paul Klotman, Moshe Kotler, Reinhard Kurth, Alain Lafeuillade, Michelangelo La Placa, Jonathan Lewis, Flavia Lillo, Julianna Lisziewicz, Anita Lomonico, Lucia Lopalco, Franco Lori, Paolo Lusso, Beatrice Macchi, Michael Malim, Leonid Margolis, Phillip D. Markham, Myra Mcclure, Nancy Miller, Maria C. Mingari, Lorenzo Moretta, Douglas Noonan, Steve O'Brien, Takashi Okamoto, Ranajit Pal, Peter Palese, Amos Panet, Giuseppe Pantaleo, George Pavlakis, Mauro Pistello, Stanley Plotkin, Guido Poli, Roger Pomerantz, Antonia Radaelli, Marjorie Robertguroff, Mario Roederer, Mangalasseril G. Sarngadharan, Dominique Schols, Paola Secchiero, Gene Shearer, Antonio Siccardi, Mario Stevenson, Jan Svoboda, Jim Tartaglia, Giuseppe Torelli, Maria Lina Tornesello, Erwin Tschachler, Mauro Vaccarezza, Angelika Vallbracht, Jan van Lunzen, Oliviero Varnier, Elisa Vicenzi, Harald von Melchner, Isaac Witz, Daniel Zagury, Jean-Francois Zagury, Giorgio Zauli, and Donato Zipeto
Science 9 January 2009: 206-207.
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 An Award for Science Is an Obsolete Notion

Marvin Gozum
Science 9 January 2009: 207-208.
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 The Time to Demand Funding

Craig C. Mello and John V. Walsh
Science 9 January 2009: 208.
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 Autistic Phenotype from MEF2C Knockout Cells

Stuart A. Lipton, Hao Li, Jeffrey D. Zaremba, Scott R. McKercher, Jiankun Cui, Yeon-Joo Kang, Zhiguo Nie, Walid Soussou, Maria Talantova, Shu-Ichi Okamoto, and Nobuki Nakanishi
Science 9 January 2009: 208.
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 Science Should Stick to Science

Ann Marie Thro
Science 9 January 2009: 208.
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 Science Careers: Where Does Advocacy Fit?

Jason Yang
Science 9 January 2009: 208-209.
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 Unintended Consequences at NIH

Thomas E. Decoursey
Science 9 January 2009: 209.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 9 January 2009: 209.
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Books et al.

SCIENCE AND THE LAW: Grappling with the Gulf

Dov Greenbaum and Mark Gerstein
Science 9 January 2009: 210.
Summary: The contributors offer an introductory survey of 13 applied scientific disciplines from the perspective of their uses in legal matters. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 9 January 2009: 210.
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Policy Forum

ECONOMICS: Trade Liberalization and Economic Development

Jomo Kwame Sundaram and Rudiger von Arnim
Science 9 January 2009: 211-212.
Summary: Across-the-board trade liberalization often impedes, rather than fosters, development in the poorest countries. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

PHYSICS: When Infinity Does Not Count

Vadim V. Cheianov
Science 9 January 2009: 213-214.
Summary: A transformation of variables overcomes fundamental difficulties in formulating a unified theory of one-dimensional quantum fluids. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: Unjamming a Polymer Glass

David A. Weitz
Science 9 January 2009: 214-215.
Summary: Small probes reveal that glass can melt in different ways. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BEHAVIOR: Surprising Emotions

Eliot R. Smith and Diane M. Mackie
Science 9 January 2009: 215-216.
Summary: Why are our predictions of how we'll feel or act sometimes wrong? Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CHEMISTRY: Extending Polymer Conjugation into the Second Dimension

Dmitrii F. Perepichka and Federico Rosei
Science 9 January 2009: 216-217.
Summary: Crystal surface templates may improve the electronic properties of conjugated polymers by linking them into two-dimensional networks. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GEOCHEMISTRY: The Descent of Minerals

Crisogono Vasconcelos and Judith A. McKenzie
Science 9 January 2009: 218-219.
Summary: The appearance of minerals during Earth history is closely linked to biological evolution. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

OCEAN SCIENCE: Old New Nitrogen

Joseph P. Montoya
Science 9 January 2009: 219-220.
Summary: During the last glacial period, both nitrogen fixation and denitrification rates are likely to have been much lower than they are today. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Pluripotent Chromatin State

Andrew S. Chi and Bradley E. Bernstein
Science 9 January 2009: 220-221.
Summary: Chromatin in pluripotent embryonic stem cells may act as a buffer to transcriptional noise. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Histone Cross-Talk in Stem Cells

Edwin Smith and Ali Shilatifard
Science 9 January 2009: 221-222.
Summary: Specificity of gene regulation in stem cells may occur at the level of ubiquitin signaling to chromatin. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Darwin's Originality

Peter J. Bowler
Science 9 January 2009: 223-226.
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Brevia

Bat White-Nose Syndrome: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen?

David S. Blehert, Alan C. Hicks, Melissa Behr, Carol U. Meteyer, Brenda M. Berlowski-Zier, Elizabeth L. Buckles, Jeremy T. H. Coleman, Scott R. Darling, Andrea Gargas, Robyn Niver, Joseph C. Okoniewski, Robert J. Rudd, and Ward B. Stone
Science 9 January 2009: 227.
Published online 30 October 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1163874] (in Science Express Brevia)
Bats that died en masse in New York state while they were hibernating were infected with a cold-tolerant fungus. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Universal Theory of Nonlinear Luttinger Liquids

Adilet Imambekov and Leonid I. Glazman
Science 9 January 2009: 228-231.
Published online 27 November 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1165403] (in Science Express Reports)
A theory of one-dimensional quantum liquids is generalized from linear interactions among particles to nonlinear ones, affecting, for example, predicted tunneling dynamics. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Direct Measurement of Molecular Mobility in Actively Deformed Polymer Glasses

Hau-Nan Lee, Keewook Paeng, Stephen F. Swallen, and M. D. Ediger
Science 9 January 2009: 231-234.
Published online 27 November 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1165995] (in Science Express Reports)
Optical bleaching of a dilute molecular probe shows that when a rubbery polymer begins to flow, polymer chains become more mobile than predicted from a classical model. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Suppression of Metallic Conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Cycloaddition Reactions

Mandakini Kanungo, Helen Lu, George G. Malliaras, and Graciela B. Blanchet
Science 9 January 2009: 234-237.
Reacting carbon nanotubes with fluorinated olefins suppresses the conductivity of the metallic tubes without affecting semiconducting tubes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Self-Organization of a Mesoscale Bristle into Ordered, Hierarchical Helical Assemblies

Boaz Pokroy, Sung H. Kang, L. Mahadevan, and Joanna Aizenberg
Science 9 January 2009: 237-240.
Evaporating an organic liquid from the tips of polymer pillars can induce them to form helical structures. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity with Unprecedented Seasonal Heat

David. S. Battisti and Rosamond L. Naylor
Science 9 January 2009: 240-244.
By analogy with past examples, higher growing season temperatures and extreme heat will cause major disruptions to global agriculture. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Foraminiferal Isotope Evidence of Reduced Nitrogen Fixation in the Ice Age Atlantic Ocean

H. Ren, D. M. Sigman, A. N. Meckler, B. Plessen, R. S. Robinson, Y. Rosenthal, and G. H. Haug
Science 9 January 2009: 244-248.
Published online 18 December 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1165787] (in Science Express Reports)
Nitrogen fixation in the tropical Atlantic increased during deglaciation and, along with increased denitrification, helped to stabilize the ocean nitrogen reservoir. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Drosophila Stem Cells Share a Common Requirement for the Histone H2B Ubiquitin Protease Scrawny

Michael Buszczak, Shelley Paterno, and Allan C. Spradling
Science 9 January 2009: 248-251.
Published online 27 November 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1165678] (in Science Express Reports)
Stem cells in the germ line, epithelium, and intestine all require a particular modification of histone H2B to repress key differentiation genes and maintain pluripotency. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Nuclear Translocator Alters CD30-Mediated NF-B–Dependent Transcription

Casey W. Wright and Colin S. Duckett
Science 9 January 2009: 251-255.
Signals from a cancer-associated receptor that activate a key pathway in the immune system are modulated by its binding to a stress-responsive transcription factor. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

HDAC4 Regulates Neuronal Survival in Normal and Diseased Retinas

Bo Chen and Constance L. Cepko
Science 9 January 2009: 256-259.
An enzyme that deacetylates histones in the nucleus also functions in the cytoplasm to promote the survival of retinal neurons in mice. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Genetic Code Supports Targeted Insertion of Two Amino Acids by One Codon

Anton A. Turanov, Alexey V. Lobanov, Dmitri E. Fomenko, Hilary G. Morrison, Mitchell L. Sogin, Lawrence A. Klobutcher, Dolph L. Hatfield, and Vadim N. Gladyshev
Science 9 January 2009: 259-261.
One codon can code for two different amino acids within the same gene, with the choice determined by an RNA structure in an untranslated region. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

tasselseed1 Is a Lipoxygenase Affecting Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Sex Determination of Maize

Iván F. Acosta, Hélène Laparra, Sandra P. Romero, Eric Schmelz, Mats Hamberg, John P. Mottinger, Maria A. Moreno, and Stephen L. Dellaporta
Science 9 January 2009: 262-265.
A gene that controls male floral development in maize is involved in synthesis of a hormone that suppresses female organ development. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Structure of a Type IV Secretion System Core Complex

Rémi Fronzes, Eva Schäfer, Luchun Wang, Helen R. Saibil, Elena V. Orlova, and Gabriel Waksman
Science 9 January 2009: 266-268.
The structure of a bacterial secretion complex suggests how Gram-negative bacteria might regulate the transfer of certain virulence factors. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

AMPylation of Rho GTPases by Vibrio VopS Disrupts Effector Binding and Downstream Signaling

Melanie L. Yarbrough, Yan Li, Lisa N. Kinch, Nick V. Grishin, Haydn L. Ball, and Kim Orth
Science 9 January 2009: 269-272.
Published online 27 November 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1166382] (in Science Express Reports)
A GI-active pathogen destroys intestinal cells, in part by improperly modifying a host signaling protein, causing loss of cell shape and contributing to cell death. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Simpson's Paradox in a Synthetic Microbial System

John S. Chuang, Olivier Rivoire, and Stanislas Leibler
Science 9 January 2009: 272-275.
Stochastic fluctuations in the population structure of microorganisms can allow a disadvantaged subpopulation to be maintained. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Mispredicting Affective and Behavioral Responses to Racism

Kerry Kawakami, Elizabeth Dunn, Francine Karmali, and John F. Dovidio
Science 9 January 2009: 276-278.
People predict that they will feel worse after witnessing a racist comment than they actually do. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|