Organ Development

New Release: The Complete Guide to Organ Repair

Beverly Purnell
Science 5 December 2008: 1489.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

Reviews

Generation and Regeneration of Cells of the Liver and Pancreas

Kenneth S. Zaret and Markus Grompe
Science 5 December 2008: 1490-1494.
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Cardiogenesis and the Complex Biology of Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine

Kenneth R. Chien, Ibrahim J. Domian, and Kevin Kit Parker
Science 5 December 2008: 1494-1497.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Origin of Stem Cells in Organogenesis

J. M. W. Slack
Science 5 December 2008: 1498-1501.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Morphogenetic Cell Movements: Diversity from Modular Mechanical Properties

Denise J. Montell
Science 5 December 2008: 1502-1505.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Patterning Mechanisms of Branched Organs

Pengfei Lu and Zena Werb
Science 5 December 2008: 1506-1509.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 5 December 2008: 1431.
|Full Text »

Editorial:
A Scientific Approach to Policy

Bruce Alberts
Science 5 December 2008: 1435.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 5 December 2008: 1437.
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Science Podcast

Science 5 December 2008: 1567.
Summary: The 5 December 2008 show includes fetal tolerance of maternal cells, the search for dark matter, stemming paralysis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and more. Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

News of the Week

ASTRONOMY: Three Asian Nations Link Up to Form a Formidable Radio Telescope Array

Dennis Normile
Science 5 December 2008: 1446-1447.
Summary: South Korea's first very long baseline interferometry array is being completed this week. Linked to arrays in Japan and China, Korea's three instruments will fill out the densest network of its kind. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

EUROPE: Ministers Bankroll European Space Agency's Ambitions

Daniel Clery
Science 5 December 2008: 1447.
Summary: Europe's space scientists are breathing a collective sigh of relief because the member governments of the European Space Agency last week gave ESA more or less everything it had asked for in funding for the next few years--a total of nearly €10 billion. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MENINGITIS: Less Vaccine Can Be More

Martin Enserink
Science 5 December 2008: 1449.
Summary: A team of epidemiologists reported this week that just one-fifth of the standard meningitis vaccine dose triggers an immune response almost as good as that of the full dose, offering a way to potentially stretch limited supplies. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ARMS CONTROL: In Rare Encounter, U.S. and Chinese Scientists Craft Nuclear Glossary

Richard Stone
Science 5 December 2008: 1450-1451.
Summary: On 20 November, the U.S. National Academies, seeking to reduce misunderstandings between China and the United States, unveiled the first Chinese-English glossary of nearly 1000 nuclear-security terms. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

IMMUNOLOGY: Fetal Immune System Hushes Attacks on Maternal Cells

Mitch Leslie
Science 5 December 2008: 1450-1451.
Summary: On page 1562 of this week's issue of Science, researchers provide an explanation for why some maternal cells that cross the placenta escape attack by the fetal immune system. The work also suggests a new mechanism for how the human immune system learns to spare the body's own tissues, a tolerance that breaks down in autoimmune diseases. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

AIDS RESEARCH: Treat Everyone Now? A 'Radical' Model to Stop HIV's Spread

Jon Cohen
Science 5 December 2008: 1453.
Summary: Last week, the World Health Organization published a provocative model that explores the possibility of "eliminating" the HIV epidemic by annually testing everyone on a voluntary basis and treating all infected people, regardless of their clinical status. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 5 December 2008: 1449.
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Random Samples

Science 5 December 2008: 1443.
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Newsmakers

Science 5 December 2008: 1445.
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News Focus

GENETICS: Hopping to a Better Protein

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 5 December 2008: 1454-1455.
Summary: Clinical trials are under way to test an innovative use of antisense technology to stem paralysis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

ENDANGERED SPECIES: Sanctuaries Aim to Preserve a Model Organism's Wild Type

Robert Koenig
Science 5 December 2008: 1456-1457.
Summary: The axolotl, a salamander that retains unique evolutionary features and is a darling of biologists because it can regenerate limbs, faces adversity on two fronts. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENCE POLICY: Philippines Plans Research Revival

Dennis Normile
Science 5 December 2008: 1459.
Summary: The Philippines government is hoping to reinvigorate its science base by improving science education, expanding scholarship programs, and raising research spending. But will it be enough to lure back expatriate scientists? Full Text »|   PDF »|  

TISSUE ENGINEERING: Coming Soon to a Knee Near You: Cartilage Like Your Very Own

Robert F. Service
Science 5 December 2008: 1460-1461.
Summary: Weaving materials science and biology together, researchers are drawing closer to the elusive goal of recreating tissues that do the body's work, such as cartilage and muscle. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Spore Show Not Gaming the Science System

Michael Rosenfeld
Science 5 December 2008: 1463.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Limiting the Impact of the Impact Factor

Jeremy B. A. Green
Science 5 December 2008: 1463.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Putting Materials and Methods in Their Place

Daniel Shriner
Science 5 December 2008: 1463.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Artificial Intelligence Disappoints

Giovanni Vannucci
Science 5 December 2008: 1463-1464.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 ChemCam's Cost a Drop in the Mars Bucket

Roger C. Wiens and Sylvestre Maurice
Science 5 December 2008: 1464.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 An Order of Plumpy'nut, Hold the Aflatoxins

Christopher Paul Wild and Ruggero Montesano
Science 5 December 2008: 1464-1465.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 In Defense of GM Crops

Niklaus H. Ammann
Science 5 December 2008: 1465-1466.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 5 December 2008: 1466.
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Books et al.

FOR YOUNGER READERS: Science Books for Fun and Learning--Some Recommendations from 2008

Heather Malcomson, Barbara Jasny, and Sherman Suter
Science 5 December 2008: 1468-1471.
Summary: To aid those seeking gifts for younger readers, we present the 19 finalists for the four 2009 Science Books and Films Prizes for Excellence in Science Books. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BROWSINGS

Science 5 December 2008: 1471.
Summary: Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 5 December 2008: 1471.
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Essays on Science and Society

GE PRIZE ESSAY: Understanding a Minimal DNA-Segregating Machine

Ethan Clark Garner
Science 5 December 2008: 1486-1487.
Summary: Reconstitution of a plasmid spindle shows how three components together accomplish the task of DNA segregation. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GE PRIZE ESSAY: 2008 Grand Prize Winner

Science 5 December 2008: 1487.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Policy Forum

SOCIOLOGY: The Gender Gap in NIH Grant Applications

Timothy J. Ley and Barton H. Hamilton
Science 5 December 2008: 1472-1474.
Summary: Many qualified women scientists stop applying for NIH grants in the late postdoctoral and early faculty years. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

POLICY: Science Policy in Kazakhstan

Glenn E. Schweitzer
Science 5 December 2008: 1474-1475.
Summary: Although the president of Kazakhstan advocates improving science and technology infrastructure, little has been done. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

ASTRONOMY: How Cold Is Cold Dark Matter?

Gerard Gilmore
Science 5 December 2008: 1476-1477.
Summary: Identification of the particles that constitute dark matter would revolutionize particle physics and the astrophysics of galaxy formation. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

CHEMISTRY: A Curious Antipathy for Water

Steve Granick and Sung Chul Bae
Science 5 December 2008: 1477-1478.
Summary: How does water meet a hydrophobic surface? Like great art, everyone recognizes hydrophobicity but few agree on the details. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ECOLOGY: Crops for a Salinized World

Jelte Rozema and Timothy Flowers
Science 5 December 2008: 1478-1480.
Summary: Cultivation of salt-tolerant crops can help address the threats of irreversible global salinization of fresh water and soils. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSICS: Controlling Cold-Atom Conductivity

L. Fallani and M. Inguscio
Science 5 December 2008: 1480-1481.
Summary: Models of electron conductivity in solids can be studied with ultracold atoms trapped in artificial crystals by lasers. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

OCEANS: Elements and Evolution

Ariel D. Anbar
Science 5 December 2008: 1481-1483.
Summary: Changes in elemental abundances in Earth's oceans on geological time scales are intimately linked to evolutionary processes. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CELL SIGNALING: Fat Stress and Liver Resistance

Wataru Ogawa and Masato Kasuga
Science 5 December 2008: 1483-1484.
Summary: Communication among immune and fat cells in adipose tissue and liver hepatocytes underlies the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

EVOLUTION: Competitive Centromeres

Deborah Charlesworth
Science 5 December 2008: 1484-1485.
Summary: Divergence in DNA sequence associated with a common chromosomal element is linked to fitness and evolution of a wild species of flower. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

The Long-Run Benefits of Punishment

Simon Gächter, Elke Renner, and Martin Sefton
Science 5 December 2008: 1510.
In human social groups, punishment of uncooperative behaviors increases teamwork, but the benefits of cooperation only outweigh the costs of punishment after a long time. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

Dynamic Proteomics of Individual Cancer Cells in Response to a Drug

A. A. Cohen, N. Geva-Zatorsky, E. Eden, M. Frenkel-Morgenstern, I. Issaeva, A. Sigal, R. Milo, C. Cohen-Saidon, Y. Liron, Z. Kam, L. Cohen, T. Danon, N. Perzov, and U. Alon
Science 5 December 2008: 1511-1516.
Published online 20 November 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1160165] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Cells that escape death from a chemotherapy drug express a different array of proteins than do genetically identical cells that die, which may help to inform cancer therapeutics. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Tough, Bio-Inspired Hybrid Materials

E. Munch, M. E. Launey, D. H. Alsem, E. Saiz, A. P. Tomsia, and R. O. Ritchie
Science 5 December 2008: 1516-1520.
Lamellar ice is used as a template to form an aluminum oxide scaffold that can be pressed and filled with a polymer, producing a tough layered structure reminiscent of nacre. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Metallic and Insulating Phases of Repulsively Interacting Fermions in a 3D Optical Lattice

U. Schneider, L. Hackermüller, S. Will, Th. Best, I. Bloch, T. A. Costi, R. W. Helmes, D. Rasch, and A. Rosch
Science 5 December 2008: 1520-1525.
A cold atom cloud confined to an optical lattice can be tuned from a metal to an insulator. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Attosecond Ionization and Tunneling Delay Time Measurements in Helium

P. Eckle, A. N. Pfeiffer, C. Cirelli, A. Staudte, R. Dörner, H. G. Muller, M. Büttiker, and U. Keller
Science 5 December 2008: 1525-1529.
A technique based on resolving the momentum of an electron escaping from a helium atom in an elliptically polarized light field clocks tunneling at less than 34 attoseconds. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Optical Absorption and Radiative Thermal Conductivity of Silicate Perovskite to 125 Gigapascals

Hans Keppler, Leonid S. Dubrovinsky, Olga Narygina, and Innokenty Kantor
Science 5 December 2008: 1529-1532.
At high pressures, silicate perovskite, abundant in Earth's mantle, is not opaque to optical and infrared light, implying that radiative heat flow is important in the deep Earth. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Quasi-Periodic Bedding in the Sedimentary Rock Record of Mars

Kevin W. Lewis, Oded Aharonson, John P. Grotzinger, Randolph L. Kirk, Alfred S. McEwen, and Terry-Ann Suer
Science 5 December 2008: 1532-1535.
Stereo topographic mapping on mars shows that some large impact craters were filled with sedimentary rock sequences made up of cyclical packages of meter-scaled beds. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Photoexcited CRY2 Interacts with CIB1 to Regulate Transcription and Floral Initiation in Arabidopsis

Hongtao Liu, Xuhong Yu, Kunwu Li, John Klejnot, Hongyun Yang, Dominique Lisiero, and Chentao Lin
Science 5 December 2008: 1535-1539.
Published online 6 November 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1163927] (in Science Express Reports)
Blue light triggers the association of a photoreceptor, transcription factor, and DNA site, thus inducing expression for the gene FT (flowering time) and initiating flowering. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Stress Signaling Pathway in Adipose Tissue Regulates Hepatic Insulin Resistance

Guadalupe Sabio, Madhumita Das, Alfonso Mora, Zhiyou Zhang, John Y. Jun, Hwi Jin Ko, Tamera Barrett, Jason K. Kim, and Roger J. Davis
Science 5 December 2008: 1539-1543.
In mice, some detrimental effects of a diet high in fat—insulin resistance, for instance—result from hormonal signals sent from fat cells to the liver. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Inhibition of Rac by the GAP Activity of Centralspindlin Is Essential for Cytokinesis

Julie C. Canman, Lindsay Lewellyn, Kimberley Laband, Stephen J. Smerdon, Arshad Desai, Bruce Bowerman, and Karen Oegema
Science 5 December 2008: 1543-1546.
During cell division, a component of the spindle inhibits a small regulatory binding protein, allowing another regulator to constrict a ring between the separating daughter cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Dynamic Analyses of Drosophila Gastrulation Provide Insights into Collective Cell Migration

Amy McMahon, Willy Supatto, Scott E. Fraser, and Angelike Stathopoulos
Science 5 December 2008: 1546-1550.
Live fluorescence imaging of over 1500 cells within a Drosophila embryo during gastrulation reveals that a fibroblast growth factor coordinates cell migration. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Astroglial Metabolic Networks Sustain Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission

Nathalie Rouach, Annette Koulakoff, Veronica Abudara, Klaus Willecke, and Christian Giaume
Science 5 December 2008: 1551-1555.
The glial astrocytes that surround neurons supply glucose or lactate to excitatory synapses though gap junctions that open when the neurons are active. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Activation of Pannexin-1 Hemichannels Augments Aberrant Bursting in the Hippocampus

Roger J. Thompson, Michael F. Jackson, Michelle E. Olah, Ravi L. Rungta, Dustin J. Hines, Michael A. Beazely, John F. MacDonald, and Brian A. MacVicar
Science 5 December 2008: 1555-1559.
Activation of a glutamate receptor in hippocampal cells leads to secondary opening of a gap junction–like channel that can contribute to seizure-like bursting. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Centromere-Associated Female Meiotic Drive Entails Male Fitness Costs in Monkeyflowers

Lila Fishman and Arpiar Saunders
Science 5 December 2008: 1559-1562.
Competition between chromosomal homologs causes non-Mendelian meiotic segregation and fitness polymorphism in a natural monkeyflower population. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Maternal Alloantigens Promote the Development of Tolerogenic Fetal Regulatory T Cells in Utero

Jeff E. Mold, Jakob Michaëlsson, Trevor D. Burt, Marcus O. Muench, Karen P. Beckerman, Michael P. Busch, Tzong-Hae Lee, Douglas F. Nixon, and Joseph M. McCune
Science 5 December 2008: 1562-1565.
Exposure of the human fetus to maternal cells during pregnancy can prompt development of regulatory T cells that prevent responses to non-inherited maternal antigens. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO₂ World"

Ulf Riebesell, Richard G. J. Bellerby, Anja Engel, Victoria J. Fabry, David A. Hutchins, Thorsten B. H. Reusch, Kai G. Schulz, and François M. M. Morel
Science 5 December 2008: 1466.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Response to Comment on "Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO₂ World"

M. Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez, Erik T. Buitenhuis, John A. Raven, Oscar Schofield, Alex J. Poulton, Samantha Gibbs, Paul R. Halloran, and Hein J. W. de Baar
Science 5 December 2008: 1466.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|