This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 6 June 2008: 1257.
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Editorial:
Broadband Internet for Africa

Calestous Juma and Elisabeth Moyer
Science 6 June 2008: 1261.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 6 June 2008: 1262.
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Science Podcast

Science 6 June 2008: 1366.
Summary: The 6 June 2008 show includes interviews on climate-driven effects on marine life, impulsivity and cocaine addiction, insights into the Indus civilization, and more. Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

NEW PRODUCTS

Science 6 June 2008: 1366.
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News of the Week

RUSSIAN SCIENCE: Russian Academy President Narrowly Wins Reelection

Andrey Allakhverdov and Vladimir Pokrovsky
Science 6 June 2008: 1270-1271.
Summary: Despite unprecedented opposition, which included fellow academicians calling for him to step aside, Yuri Osipov was reelected last week to a fourth term as president of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

UNIVERSITIES: Breaking With Tradition, France Picks Future Elite Schools

Martin Enserink
Science 6 June 2008: 1270.
Summary: The French government has selected six university clusters to receive up to €500 million each for drastic renovation and expansion of facilities on their aging campuses. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ECOLOGY: Seaweed Invader Elicits Angst in India

Pallava Bagla
Science 6 June 2008: 1271.
Summary: An effort in southern India to raise coastal farmers out of poverty by paying them to cultivate red algae for a food additive has gone awry. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

FRANCIS COLLINS INTERVIEW: Departing U.S. Genome Institute Director Takes Stock of Personalized Medicine

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 6 June 2008: 1272.
Summary: Science interviewed Francis Collins last week following his surprise announcement that he'll be stepping down as director of the U.S. National Human Genome Research Institute on 1 August. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Extended Interview »|  

ARCHAEOLOGY: Runoff Threatens Early Human Site

Robert Koenig
Science 6 June 2008: 1273.
Summary: Wastewater runoff from a golf-course irrigation system is threatening research at caves along South Africa's southern coast that contain the earliest evidence of humans exploiting marine resources, scientists say. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GENOMICS: Read All About It--The First Female Genome! Or Is It?

Martin Enserink
Science 6 June 2008: 1274.
Summary: Last week's announcement that scientists had finally sequenced the genome of a woman was hailed as a victory for equality. But it raised eyebrows as well, because the data have not been put in the public domain nor analyzed, let alone published. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. SCIENCE FUNDING: Encourage Risk, Help Young Researchers, Panel Advises

Constance Holden
Science 6 June 2008: 1274.
Summary: Tight budgets have done more than restrict research; they're damaging morale by making people afraid to take chances, just when it's more important than ever to invest in what could be "transformative" research, a new report from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences argues. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GEOCHEMISTRY: The Andes Popped Up by Losing Their Deep-Seated Rocky Load

Richard A. Kerr
Science 6 June 2008: 1275.
Summary: On page 1304 of this week's issue of Science, researchers report new geochemical paleo-elevation data for the Andes that, combined with existing isotopic data, point to rapid uplift. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 6 June 2008: 1273.
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Random Samples

Science 6 June 2008: 1267.
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Newsmakers

Science 6 June 2008: 1269.
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News Focus

UNMASKING THE INDUS: Boring No More, a Trade-Savvy Indus Emerges

Andrew Lawler
Science 6 June 2008: 1276-1281.
Summary: Long in the shadow of its sister civilizations to the west, the Indus is emerging as the powerhouse of commerce and technology in the 3rd millennium B.C.E. But political and economic troubles dog archaeologists' efforts to understand what made this vast society tick. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

UNMASKING THE INDUS: Buddhist Stupa or Indus Temple?

Andrew Lawler
Science 6 June 2008: 1280.
Summary: A Buddhist stupa in the center of the largest Indus city may actually be a monument from Indus times. If so, it will force Indus scholars to rethink the religious and political nature of the civilization, long thought to lack grand temples and palaces (see main text). Full Text »|   PDF »|  

UNMASKING THE INDUS: Indus Collapse: The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture?

Andrew Lawler
Science 6 June 2008: 1281-1283.
Summary: The puzzling downfall of an ancient civilization more than 3 millennia ago sparks debate today in both scientific and political circles. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

UNMASKING THE INDUS: Trench Warfare: Modern Borders Split the Indus

Andrew Lawler
Science 6 June 2008: 1282-1283.
Summary: The bitter partition of British India in 1947 created a fault line through the middle of what was once the Indus civilization (see main text) that to this day prevents Indian and Pakistani researchers working on Indus sites from collaborating with one another or even visiting each other's excavations. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

UNMASKING THE INDUS: Trying to Make Way for the Old

Andrew Lawler
Science 6 June 2008: 1284-1285.
Summary: Archaeologists battle looters and sometimes locals in both Pakistan and India as they seek to excavate before modern development swallows Indus cities. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

UNMASKING THE INDUS: Pakistani Archaeology Faces Issues Old and New

Andrew Lawler
Science 6 June 2008: 1285.
Summary: Finds in Pakistan are opening a new window on the Indus civilization, showing that this remote region was settled for thousands of years. But there are tight constraints on where archaeologists can operate. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Working Toward Meritocracy in Italy

Ignazio R. Marino
Science 6 June 2008: 1289.
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 The Emerging World of Wikis

James C. Hu, Rodolfo Aramayo, Dan Bolser, Tyrrell Conway, Christine G. Elsik, Michael Gribskov, Thomas Kelder, Daisuke Kihara, Thomas F. Knight Jr., Alexander R. Pico, Deborah A. Siegele, Barry L. Wanner, and Roy D. Welch
Science 6 June 2008: 1289-1290.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Science 2.0: Not So New?

Jeremy B. Yoder; and Ben Shneiderman
Science 6 June 2008: 1290-1291.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 6 June 2008: 1291.
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Books et al.

STATISTICS AND SOCIETY: Signifying Little

Theodore M. Porter
Science 6 June 2008: 1292.
Summary: Through their consideration of a wide range of fields (including their home discipline of economics, psychology, epidemiology, and biomedical science) the authors argue that statistical significance is far too often mistakenly applied--to the detriment of science and society. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PSYCHOLOGY: Piling On the Selection Pressure

Johan J. Bolhuis
Science 6 June 2008: 1293.
Summary: Taking an evolutionary biology perspective, a philosopher of science criticizes the theoretical framework of evolutionary psychology. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 6 June 2008: 1293.
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Policy Forum

OCEAN SCIENCE: Under-Resourced, Under Threat

Anthony J. Richardson and Elvira S. Poloczanska
Science 6 June 2008: 1294-1295.
Summary: A coherent global vision is needed to better determine the impacts of climate change on marine systems. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Perspectives

ECOLOGY: Putting the Heat on Tropical Animals

Joshua J. Tewksbury, Raymond B. Huey, and Curtis A. Deutsch
Science 6 June 2008: 1296-1297.
Summary: Tropical animals may be particularly vulnerable to climate warming. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SYSTEMS BIOLOGY: The Scale of Prediction

Nitin S. Baliga
Science 6 June 2008: 1297-1298.
Summary: A predictive model for a biological system requires capturing the network of environmental factors that affect system responses. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ASTRONOMY: An Eccentric Pulsar: Result of a Threesome?

Edward P. J. van den Heuvel
Science 6 June 2008: 1298-1299.
Published online 15 May 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1158738] (in Science Express Perspectives)
Summary: Observation of an eccentric millisecond binary pulsar challenges the standard model of millisecond pulsar formation. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSICS: Improving Correlations Despite Particle Loss

J. V. Porto
Science 6 June 2008: 1300-1301.
Summary: As a trapped quantum gas is slowly set free, pairs of colliding molecules escape, but these collisions actually help slow further losses. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Refined View of the Ends

Alessandro Bianchi and David Shore
Science 6 June 2008: 1301-1302.
Summary: Studies in fission yeast have expanded the known repertoire of proteins that assemble at chromosomal ends to control telomere function. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

APPLIED PHYSICS: Going with (or Against) the Flow

Thomas Peacock and Elizabeth Bradley
Science 6 June 2008: 1302-1303.
Summary: Scientists have made great progress in controlling flow in many systems, but general strategies with feedback remain the ultimate goal. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Rise of the Andes

Carmala N. Garzione, Gregory D. Hoke, Julie C. Libarkin, Saunia Withers, Bruce MacFadden, John Eiler, Prosenjit Ghosh, and Andreas Mulch
Science 6 June 2008: 1304-1307.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Brevia

Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene

R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim
Science 6 June 2008: 1308.
Published online 3 April 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1156965] (in Science Express Brevia)
The transparency of sheets of graphene is quantized in a way that allows a simple determination of the fine structure constant, which relates light and relativistic electrons. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

An Eccentric Binary Millisecond Pulsar in the Galactic Plane

David J. Champion, Scott M. Ransom, Patrick Lazarus, Fernando Camilo, Cees Bassa, Victoria M. Kaspi, David J. Nice, Paulo C. C. Freire, Ingrid H. Stairs, Joeri van Leeuwen, Ben W. Stappers, James M. Cordes, Jason W. T. Hessels, Duncan R. Lorimer, Zaven Arzoumanian, Don C. Backer, N. D. Ramesh Bhat, Shami Chatterjee, Ismaël Cognard, Julia S. Deneva, Claude-André Faucher-Giguère, Bryan M. Gaensler, JinLin Han, Fredrick A. Jenet, Laura Kasian, Vlad I. Kondratiev, Michael Kramer, Joseph Lazio, Maura A. McLaughlin, Arun Venkataraman, and Wouter Vlemmings
Science 6 June 2008: 1309-1312.
Published online 15 May 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1157580] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A rapidly rotating pulsar has a highly eccentric orbit about its companion star, not the usual circular orbit, challenging ideas on how such binary systems form. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Predictive Behavior Within Microbial Genetic Networks

Ilias Tagkopoulos, Yir-Chung Liu, and Saeed Tavazoie
Science 6 June 2008: 1313-1317.
Published online 8 May 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1154456] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Predictable sequences of environmental signals can be exploited by bacteria so that they learn to anticipate future metabolic needs and thereby gain a competitive edge. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

A Transient Radio Jet in an Erupting Dwarf Nova

Elmar Körding, Michael Rupen, Christian Knigge, Rob Fender, Vivek Dhawan, Matthew Templeton, and Tom Muxlow
Science 6 June 2008: 1318-1320.
Detection of a radio jet in a dwarf supernova shows that production of synchrotron radiation during accretion of a disk is a ubiquitous source of astrophysical jets. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Identification of Non-Precious Metal Alloy Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene

Felix Studt, Frank Abild-Pedersen, Thomas Bligaard, Rasmus Z. Sørensen, Claus H. Christensen, and Jens K. Nørskov
Science 6 June 2008: 1320-1322.
Calculations of heats of adsorption of hydrocarbons on metals guide experiments and show that a nickel-zinc alloy can replace palladium in selectively oxidizing acetylene. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Aftershock Signature of Supershear Earthquakes

Michel Bouchon and Hayrullah Karabulut
Science 6 June 2008: 1323-1325.
Destructive earthquakes that ruptured faster than the speed of sound have aftershocks off the fault plane, but not on it, because of the high stresses generated by the shock wave. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Multipartite Entanglement Among Single Spins in Diamond

P. Neumann, N. Mizuochi, F. Rempp, P. Hemmer, H. Watanabe, S. Yamasaki, V. Jacques, T. Gaebel, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup
Science 6 June 2008: 1326-1329.
Nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond are used to generate and detect 2-qubit and 3-qubit entangled states at room temperature. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Strong Dissipation Inhibits Losses and Induces Correlations in Cold Molecular Gases

N. Syassen, D. M. Bauer, M. Lettner, T. Volz, D. Dietze, J. J. García-Ripoll, J. I. Cirac, G. Rempe, and S. Dürr
Science 6 June 2008: 1329-1331.
Inducing inelastic collisions in cold gas condensates confined in one-dimensional tubes extends the lifetime of the molecules by more than an order of magnitude. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Subdiffraction Multicolor Imaging of the Nuclear Periphery with 3D Structured Illumination Microscopy

Lothar Schermelleh, Peter M. Carlton, Sebastian Haase, Lin Shao, Lukman Winoto, Peter Kner, Brian Burke, M. Cristina Cardoso, David A. Agard, Mats G. L. Gustafsson, Heinrich Leonhardt, and John W. Sedat
Science 6 June 2008: 1332-1336.
Fluorescence tags illuminated through a diffraction grating reveal the structure of nuclear pores, surrounding channels, and chromatin at a resolution of about 100 nanometers. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Intersection of the RNA Interference and X-Inactivation Pathways

Yuya Ogawa, Bryan K. Sun, and Jeannie T. Lee
Science 6 June 2008: 1336-1341.
Two noncoding RNAs required for X-chromosome inactivation in female mice form a duplex that is cleaved by the RNA interference machine, indicating a link between X inactivation and RNA interference. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Fission Yeast Pot1-Tpp1 Protects Telomeres and Regulates Telomere Length

Tomoichiro Miyoshi, Junko Kanoh, Motoki Saito, and Fuyuki Ishikawa
Science 6 June 2008: 1341-1344.
Yeast chromosome ends are protected by a protein complex similar to that in mammals, which prevents end-to-end chromosome fusion and controls telomere length. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Transcriptional Landscape of the Yeast Genome Defined by RNA Sequencing

Ugrappa Nagalakshmi, Zhong Wang, Karl Waern, Chong Shou, Debasish Raha, Mark Gerstein, and Michael Snyder
Science 6 June 2008: 1344-1349.
Published online 1 May 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1158441] (in Science Express Reports)
A more complete catalog of transcribed DNA of yeast is assembled by shotgun sequencing of messenger RNA and reveals numerous previously unknown transcribed regions. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Transcription/Migration Interface in Heart Precursors of Ciona intestinalis

Lionel Christiaen, Brad Davidson, Takeshi Kawashima, Weston Powell, Hector Nolla, Karen Vranizan, and Michael Levine
Science 6 June 2008: 1349-1352.
In embryonic cells destined to form the heart in a simple chordate, a genetic network activates modules of effector genes for proteins that control cellular migration. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

High Impulsivity Predicts the Switch to Compulsive Cocaine-Taking

David Belin, Adam C. Mar, Jeffrey W. Dalley, Trevor W. Robbins, and Barry J. Everitt
Science 6 June 2008: 1352-1355.
Rats that are more impulsive, but not those that seek novelty, tend to compulsively consume cocaine and become addicted. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Patches with Links: A Unified System for Processing Faces in the Macaque Temporal Lobe

Sebastian Moeller, Winrich A. Freiwald, and Doris Y. Tsao
Science 6 June 2008: 1355-1359.
The six regions of the macaque cortex that respond to faces are strongly and specifically interconnected, indicating hierarchical processing of face stimuli. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Intermittent Plate Tectonics?"

Jun Korenaga
Science 6 June 2008: 1291.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Response to Comment on "Intermittent Plate Tectonics?"

Paul G. Silver and Mark D. Behn
Science 6 June 2008: 1291.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|