This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 16 May 2008: 845.
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Editorial:
Just Give Them Grants

Alan I. Leshner
Science 16 May 2008: 849.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 16 May 2008: 850.
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Science Podcast

Science 16 May 2008: 954.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 16 May 2008: 954.
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News of the Week

PHYSICS: Fermilab Sends Energy Department Final Plan to Lay Off 7% of Staff

Adrian Cho
Science 16 May 2008: 858-859.
Summary: About 140 scientists, engineers, technicians, and other staff at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory will receive pink slips in a 3-day process that could begin as early as next week. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ANTHROPOLOGY: Chinese Cancel International Meeting

Constance Holden
Science 16 May 2008: 858.
Summary: The Chinese government last week canceled a major anthropology meeting scheduled for July in what appears to be a case of pre-Olympics jitters. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENTIFIC HONORS: The Cost of a Genuine Collaboration

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 16 May 2008: 859.
Summary: Geneticist Nancy Jenkins has turned down an invitation to join the U.S. National Academy of Sciences because her husband and longtime scientific partner, geneticist Neal Copeland, was not on the list. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

LATIN AMERICA: Price Is the Main Barrier to Wider Use of Papillomavirus Vaccine

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 16 May 2008: 860.
Summary: This week at a meeting in Mexico City, health officials and researchers are launching a campaign to introduce the human papillomavirus vaccine in Latin America, the first region in the developing world likely to benefit. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ITALY: A Plea for 'Transparent' Funding

Laura Margottini
Science 16 May 2008: 861.
Summary: A furor over political meddling in grants for stem cell research in Italy has erupted into a broad protest about favoritism and the lack of peer review in deciding who receives national science funding. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PUBLIC HEALTH: Staggering Toward a Global Strategy on Alcohol Abuse

David Grimm
Science 16 May 2008: 862-863.
Summary: Next week, the World Health Organization will take steps toward launching the first global assault on the harms associated with alcohol abuse. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 16 May 2008: 861.
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Random Samples

Science 16 May 2008: 855.
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Newsmakers

Science 16 May 2008: 857.
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News Focus

ENTOMOLOGY: A Mosquito Goes Global

Martin Enserink
Science 16 May 2008: 864-866.
Summary: The Asian tiger mosquito is on a rampage. Entomologists are impressed, public health officials are nervous, and many of the rest of us are swatting furiously. How did Aedes albopictus become such a scourge? Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PLANETARY SCIENCE: Layers Within Layers Hint at a Wobbly Martian Climate

Richard A. Kerr
Science 16 May 2008: 867.
Summary: Scientists scrutinizing layered rocks on Mars report online this week in Science that the layers formed in sync with changes in the planet's orbit. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CHEMISTRY: Click Chemistry Clicks Along

Robert F. Service
Science 16 May 2008: 868-869.
Summary: Researchers seeking new ways to forge molecules are saving steps and effort by adapting high-yield reactions to fill a variety of needs. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSICS: The Hot Question: How New Are the New Superconductors?

Adrian Cho
Science 16 May 2008: 870-871.
Summary: Do iron-and-arsenic superconductors work the same way as the older, inscrutable copper-and-oxygen compounds? Early evidence points both ways. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 U.S. Concerns over Bluetongue

E. Paul J. Gibbs, Walter J. Tabachnick, Thomas J. Holt, and David E. Stallknecht
Science 16 May 2008: 872.
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 In Defense of Max Planck

Melissa Beth Duhaime, Sören Alsheimer, Ralitsa Angelova, and Ian Fitzpatrick
Science 16 May 2008: 872.
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 Effect of Contraceptive Access on Birth Rate

Martha Campbell, Malcolm Potts;, and Ruth Mace
Science 16 May 2008: 873-874.
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 Financing Tropical Forest Preservation

Ian G. Warkentin and Navjot S. Sodhi
Science 16 May 2008: 874.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 16 May 2008: 874.
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Books et al.

EXHIBITIONS: ART AND MATHEMATICS: Bridging the Cultural Divide

W. Timothy Gowers
Science 16 May 2008: 875-876.
Summary: This exhibition at Kettle's Yard, Cambridge, explores geometry in science, current art, and the links between them. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENCE AND RELIGION: Rethinking History for a New Islamic Science

Jane H. Murphy
Science 16 May 2008: 876.
Summary: The author combines a historical survey of scientific achievements in the Islamic tradition with a call for a new science. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 16 May 2008: 876.
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Policy Forum

ECONOMICS: The Promise of Prediction Markets

Kenneth J. Arrow, Robert Forsythe, Michael Gorham, Robert Hahn, Robin Hanson, John O. Ledyard, Saul Levmore, Robert Litan, Paul Milgrom, Forrest D. Nelson, George R. Neumann, Marco Ottaviani, Thomas C. Schelling, Robert J. Shiller, Vernon L. Smith, Erik Snowberg, Cass R. Sunstein, Paul C. Tetlock, Philip E. Tetlock, Hal R. Varian, Justin Wolfers, and Eric Zitzewitz
Science 16 May 2008: 877-878.
Summary: The ability of groups of people to make predictions is a potent research tool that should be freed of unnecessary government restrictions. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS: Integrating Circadian Timekeeping with Cellular Physiology

Marie C. Harrisingh and Michael N. Nitabach
Science 16 May 2008: 879-880.
Summary: Models of circadian timekeeping mechanisms in plants, flies, and mammals are expanding to include intracellular small-molecule signals. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PLANT SCIENCE: Plant Stress Profiles

Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek and Ronald Pierik
Science 16 May 2008: 880-881.
Summary: Cell-specific transcript profiles reflecting response to environmental adversity add a new dimension to plant stress biology. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CHEMISTRY: The Changing Shapes of Molecules

Dmitry G. Melnik and Terry A. Miller
Science 16 May 2008: 881-882.
Summary: A new microwave spectrometer enables the geometries of molecules to be tracked as they interconvert between different shapes. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GEOCHEMISTRY: The Origin of Alkaline Lavas

Yaoling Niu
Science 16 May 2008: 883-884.
Summary: Alkali-metal-rich lavas on ocean islands are produced from veins that form in oceanic mantle lithosphere as it ages. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CHEMISTRY: To Be or Not to Be Localized

Kiyoshi Ueda
Science 16 May 2008: 884-885.
Summary: The hole created by emission of a core electron in a diatomic molecule resides in an entangled state. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BIOPHYSICS: The Intrigue of the Interface

Mark W. Denny
Science 16 May 2008: 886.
Summary: Diverse phenomena, ranging from the way shorebirds feed to self-cleaning by leaves, can be explained through surface tension effects. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Reviews

Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions

James N. Galloway, Alan R. Townsend, Jan Willem Erisman, Mateete Bekunda, Zucong Cai, John R. Freney, Luiz A. Martinelli, Sybil P. Seitzinger, and Mark A. Sutton
Science 16 May 2008: 889-892.
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Impacts of Atmospheric Anthropogenic Nitrogen on the Open Ocean

R. A. Duce, J. LaRoche, K. Altieri, K. R. Arrigo, A. R. Baker, D. G. Capone, S. Cornell, F. Dentener, J. Galloway, R. S. Ganeshram, R. J. Geider, T. Jickells, M. M. Kuypers, R. Langlois, P. S. Liss, S. M. Liu, J. J. Middelburg, C. M. Moore, S. Nickovic, A. Oschlies, T. Pedersen, J. Prospero, R. Schlitzer, S. Seitzinger, L. L. Sorensen, M. Uematsu, O. Ulloa, M. Voss, B. Ward, and L. Zamora
Science 16 May 2008: 893-897.
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Brevia

The Energetic Cost of Climbing in Primates

Jandy B. Hanna, Daniel Schmitt, and Timothy M. Griffin
Science 16 May 2008: 898.
Large primates expend less energy walking than climbing, but smaller ones walk and climb with similar efficiencies, possibly facilitating an evolutionary shift into trees. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

Quasi-Particle Properties from Tunneling in the Fractional Quantum Hall State

Iuliana P. Radu, J. B. Miller, C. M. Marcus, M. A. Kastner, L. N. Pfeiffer, and K. W. West
Science 16 May 2008: 899-902.
Published online 17 April 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1157560] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Tunneling measurements between the conduction channels in the fractional quantum Hall effect confirm that the charge is quantized in units of ¼ of an electron charge. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Design Logic of a Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling Network That Triggers Neurite Outgrowth

Kenneth D. Bromberg, Avi Ma'ayan, Susana R. Neves, and Ravi Iyengar
Science 16 May 2008: 903-909.
Analysis of transcription data and known signaling networks predict two previously unrecognized regulators of neuronal growth, which were experimentally confirmed. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Turbulence and Magnetic Fields in the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe

Dongsu Ryu, Hyesung Kang, Jungyeon Cho, and Santabrata Das
Science 16 May 2008: 909-912.
Simulations suggest that shock waves in the early universe could have amplified small magnetic fields into the large, complex intergalactic fields we see today. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Stress and Fold Localization in Thin Elastic Membranes

Luka Pocivavsek, Robert Dellsy, Andrew Kern, Sebastián Johnson, Binhua Lin, Ka Yee C. Lee, and Enrique Cerda
Science 16 May 2008: 912-916.
Experiments and simulations show that as a supported membrane is shortened, periodic wrinkles are replaced abruptly by sharp folds. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Metasomatized Lithosphere and the Origin of Alkaline Lavas

Sébastien Pilet, Michael B. Baker, and Edward M. Stolper
Science 16 May 2008: 916-919.
Experiments imply that a common type of basalt can form from mantle previously altered by a water-rich fluid, and these basalts are not necessarily derived from recycled oceanic crust. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Ultrafast Probing of Core Hole Localization in N₂

M. S. Schöffler, J. Titze, N. Petridis, T. Jahnke, K. Cole, L. Ph. H. Schmidt, A. Czasch, D. Akoury, O. Jagutzki, J. B. Williams, N. A. Cherepkov, S. K. Semenov, C. W. McCurdy, T. N. Rescigno, C. L. Cocke, T. Osipov, S. Lee, M. H. Prior, A. Belkacem, A. L. Landers, H. Schmidt-Böcking, Th. Weber, and R. Dörner
Science 16 May 2008: 920-923.
Because of quantum entanglement, the hole produced by removal of an inner electron from diatomic nitrogen can be localized or spread out, depending on the detection angle. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Measuring Picosecond Isomerization Kinetics via Broadband Microwave Spectroscopy

Brian C. Dian, Gordon G. Brown, Kevin O. Douglass, and Brooks H. Pate
Science 16 May 2008: 924-928.
A broadband microwave spectrometer yields rotational spectra rapidly enough to characterize rearrangements of vibrationally excited molecules. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Hidden Neotropical Diversity: Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts

Marty A. Condon, Sonja J. Scheffer, Matthew L. Lewis, and Susan M. Swensen
Science 16 May 2008: 928-931.
Molecular markers reveal that insect species on plants in the cucumber family are unexpectedly diverse, showing specificity for particular hosts and even certain tissues. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Surface Tension Transport of Prey by Feeding Shorebirds: The Capillary Ratchet

Manu Prakash, David Quéré, and John W. M. Bush
Science 16 May 2008: 931-934.
A shorebird moves water droplets containing prey into its throat by repeatedly opening and closing its beak, relying on the physical properties of water to drive the drop upward. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Termination Factor Rho and Its Cofactors NusA and NusG Silence Foreign DNA in E. coli

Christopher J. Cardinale, Robert S. Washburn, Vasisht R. Tadigotla, Lewis M. Brown, Max E. Gottesman, and Evgeny Nudler
Science 16 May 2008: 935-938.
A known bacterial protein acts broadly to terminate transcription in order to prevent read-through that can accidentally activate cryptic deleterious viruses. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Genome-Scale Proteomics Reveals Arabidopsis thaliana Gene Models and Proteome Dynamics

Katja Baerenfaller, Jonas Grossmann, Monica A. Grobei, Roger Hull, Matthias Hirsch-Hoffmann, Shaul Yalovsky, Philip Zimmermann, Ueli Grossniklaus, Wilhelm Gruissem, and Sacha Baginsky
Science 16 May 2008: 938-941.
Published online 24 April 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1157956] (in Science Express Reports)
The Arabidopsis proteome shifts as the plant develops, and proteins not predicted from genome analysis, some derived from introns and pseudogenes, are expressed. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Cell Identity Mediates the Response of Arabidopsis Roots to Abiotic Stress

José R. Dinneny, Terri A. Long, Jean Y. Wang, Jee W. Jung, Daniel Mace, Solomon Pointer, Christa Barron, Siobhan M. Brady, John Schiefelbein, and Philip N. Benfey
Science 16 May 2008: 942-945.
Published online 24 April 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1153795] (in Science Express Reports)
In Arabidopsis root tips exposed to high salinity or iron deficiency, clusters of genes are induced that are unique to one or both of these stress responses. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Early Forebrain Wiring: Genetic Dissection Using Conditional Celsr3 Mutant Mice

Libing Zhou, Isabelle Bar, Younès Achouri, Kenneth Campbell, Olivier De Backer, Jean M. Hebert, Kevin Jones, Nicoletta Kessaris, Catherine Lambert de Rouvroit, Dennis O'Leary, William D. Richardson, Andre M. Goffinet, and Fadel Tissir
Science 16 May 2008: 946-949.
A cadherin molecule on the surface of guidepost neurons in the developing brain marks the pathway for axons to follow from the thalamus to the cortex. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

cAMP-Dependent Signaling as a Core Component of the Mammalian Circadian Pacemaker

John S. O'Neill, Elizabeth S. Maywood, Johanna E. Chesham, Joseph S. Takahashi, and Michael H. Hastings
Science 16 May 2008: 949-953.
Signaling through cyclic adenosine monophosphate determines the amplitude, phase, and period of the mammalian circadian clock and so may be an integral part of the pacemaker. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Habitat Split and the Global Decline of Amphibians"

David C. Cannatella
Science 16 May 2008: 874.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Response to Comment on "Habitat Split and the Global Decline of Amphibians"

Carlos Roberto Fonseca, Carlos Guilherme Becker, Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad, and Paulo Inácio Prado
Science 16 May 2008: 874.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|