This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 18 April 2008: 285.
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Editorial:
New Career Paths for Scientists

Bruce Alberts
Science 18 April 2008: 289.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 18 April 2008: 290.
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Science Podcast

Science 18 April 2008: 389.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 18 April 2008: 389.
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News of the Week

CLIMATE CHANGE: IPCC Tunes Up for Its Next Report Aiming for Better, Timely Results

Eli Kintisch
Science 18 April 2008: 300.
Summary: Government delegates to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) last week approved a plan that would generate more precise and relevant information on climate change--without taking any longer than the current 6-year gap between reports. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GLACIOLOGY: Greenland Ice Slipping Away but Not All That Quickly

Richard A. Kerr
Science 18 April 2008: 301.
Summary: A two-pronged study published online this week in Science has confirmed that meltwater reaches the base of the Greenland ice sheet and does indeed speed the ice’s seaward flow. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ARCHAEOLOGY: Team Unveils Mideast Archaeology Peace Plan

John Bohannon
Science 18 April 2008: 302.
Summary: Last week in Jerusalem, a small team of Americans, Israelis, and Palestinians presented a peace plan for the Holy Land’s archaeological riches. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

INTERNATIONAL AID: As Food Prices Rise, U.S. Support for Agricultural Centers Wilts

Dennis Normile
Science 18 April 2008: 303.
Summary: In response to a recent spike in wholesale and market prices for rice, wheat, and maize, U.S. President George W. Bush earlier this week ordered up $200 million in emergency food aid. Behind the scenes, however, the U.S. government is moving to slash funding for international agricultural research. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: Croatian Editors Fight With Medical School Over Journal's Fate

Gretchen Vogel
Science 18 April 2008: 304-305.
Summary: The co-editors-in-chief of the Croatian Medical Journal are at the center of a controversy that threatens their jobs and, observers say, the journal’s independence and its example of quality scientific publishing in countries outside the scientific mainstream. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

REGULATORY SCIENCE: Changes to EPA Toxicology--Speed or Delay?

Erik Stokstad
Science 18 April 2008: 304-305.
Summary: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has substantially modified the way it updates a database on chemical hazards that influences how chemicals are regulated. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 18 April 2008: 303.
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Random Samples

Science 18 April 2008: 297.
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Newsmakers

Science 18 April 2008: 299.
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News Focus

ENERGY: The Greening of Synfuels

Eli Kintisch
Science 18 April 2008: 306-308.
Summary: An old, dirty technology to make transportation fuels from coal could fight global warming, say proponents. The trick is using more biomass and burying the carbon dioxide that’s generated. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

OCEANOGRAPHY: Watery Echoes Give Clues to the Past and Future of the Seas

Lucas Laursen
Science 18 April 2008: 309.
Summary: A handful of oceanographers and geophysicists are recording seismic whispers of the ocean's structure. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

VIROLOGY: Mapmaker for the World of Influenza

Martin Enserink
Science 18 April 2008: 310-311.
Summary: Flu researchers are captivated by computer scientist Derek Smith’s maps of viral evolution. Today, he helps them make their toughest decisions. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

VIROLOGY: Coming Out of Asia--Year In, Year Out

Martin Enserink
Science 18 April 2008: 311.
Summary: On page 340 of this week's issue of Science, researchers report that a small number of countries in East and Southeast Asia “seed” the yearly flu epidemics washing over the planet. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS: The Mad Dash to Make Light Crystals

Adrian Cho
Science 18 April 2008: 312-313.
Summary: Simulations fashioned from laser light and wisps of ultracold atoms might crack the hardest problems in the physics of solids. DARPA wants them in just over a year. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Coral Adaptation in the Face of Climate Change

Andrew Baird, Jeffrey A. Maynard;, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, P. J. Mumby, A. J. Hooten, R. S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, D. R. Harvell, P. F. Sale, A. J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C. M. Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R. H. Bradbury, A. Dubi, and M. E. Hatziolos
Science 18 April 2008: 315-316.
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 Freshwater Forcing: Will History Repeat Itself?

Peter U. Clark, Thomas L. Delworth, Andrew J. Weaver;, H. F. Kleiven, Catherine Kissell, Carlo Laj, Ulysses S. Ninnemann, Thomas O. Richter, and Elsa Cortijo
Science 18 April 2008: 316-317.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 18 April 2008: 316.
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Books et al.

ECONOMICS: First, Kill the Economists

E. Roy Weintraub
Science 18 April 2008: 318-319.
Summary: The author argues that his fellow economists' enthusiasm for the market is unwarranted and ignores the corrosive effects market relationships have on communities. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSIOLOGY: Toward the Dominance of Vision?

Andreas Keller
Science 18 April 2008: 319.
Summary: This short historical survey demonstrates how sensory perception is a cultural as well as physiological act. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 18 April 2008: 319.
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Policy Forum

ECOLOGY: Agriculture at a Crossroads

E. Toby Kiers, Roger R. B. Leakey, Anne-Marie Izac, Jack A. Heinemann, Erika Rosenthal, Dev Nathan, and Janice Jiggins
Science 18 April 2008: 320-321.
Summary: The present path of agricultural development will not achieve development goals according to a recent assessment, but a solid foundation for improvements exists. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

MATHEMATICS: Frustration in Complexity

P.-M. Binder
Science 18 April 2008: 322-323.
Summary: The common thread between all complex systems may not be cooperation but rather the irresolvable coexistence of opposing tendencies. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GEOSCIENCE: Natural Complexity

Nicholas W. Watkins and Mervyn P. Freeman
Science 18 April 2008: 323-324.
Summary: The use of complexity-based approaches may help to advance our understanding of Earth as a system. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

APPLIED PHYSICS: Graphene Nanoelectronics

R. M. Westervelt
Science 18 April 2008: 324-325.
Summary: Graphene quantum dots offer a new approach to quantum nanoelectronics. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MEDICINE: The Ultimate Model Organism

Atul J. Butte
Science 18 April 2008: 325-327.
Summary: A deeper understanding of disease requires a database of human traits and disease states that is integrated with molecular information. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CELL SIGNALING: Wnt Moves Beyond the Canon

Bruce Bowerman
Science 18 April 2008: 327-328.
Summary: A secreted protein associated with the metastasis of a melanoma harnesses cell adhesion proteins and the cytoskeleton to direct cell motility. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MUSIC THEORY: Geometrical Music Theory

Rachel Wells Hall
Science 18 April 2008: 328-329.
Summary: Musical operations, such as transpositions, can be expressed as symmetries of n-dimensional space. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Qinghaosu (Artemisinin): The Price of Success

N. J. White
Science 18 April 2008: 330-334.
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Brevia

The Movement of Aquatic Mercury Through Terrestrial Food Webs

Daniel A. Cristol, Rebecka L. Brasso, Anne M. Condon, Rachel E. Fovargue, Scott L. Friedman, Kelly K. Hallinger, Adrian P. Monroe, and Ariel E. White
Science 18 April 2008: 335.
Industrial mercury in a contaminated river can spread beyond the immediate area to nearby terrestrial ecosystems through food web connections. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO₂ World

M. Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez, Paul R. Halloran, Rosalind E. M. Rickaby, Ian R. Hall, Elena Colmenero-Hidalgo, John R. Gittins, Darryl R. H. Green, Toby Tyrrell, Samantha J. Gibbs, Peter von Dassow, Eric Rehm, E. Virginia Armbrust, and Karin P. Boessenkool
Science 18 April 2008: 336-340.
Experiments show that a coccolithophore grows better at elevated carbon dioxide levels, in contrast to predictions for most plankton, and is already increasing in abundance. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Global Circulation of Seasonal Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses

Colin A. Russell, Terry C. Jones, Ian G. Barr, Nancy J. Cox, Rebecca J. Garten, Vicky Gregory, Ian D. Gust, Alan W. Hampson, Alan J. Hay, Aeron C. Hurt, Jan C. de Jong, Anne Kelso, Alexander I. Klimov, Tsutomu Kageyama, Naomi Komadina, Alan S. Lapedes, Yi P. Lin, Ana Mosterin, Masatsugu Obuchi, Takato Odagiri, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Guus F. Rimmelzwaan, Michael W. Shaw, Eugene Skepner, Klaus Stohr, Masato Tashiro, Ron A. M. Fouchier, and Derek J. Smith
Science 18 April 2008: 340-346.
Recent seasonal flu strains constantly evolved in overlapping epidemics in Asia, then erupted to periodically sweep the world, ending in South America 6 to 18 months later. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Generalized Voice-Leading Spaces

Clifton Callender, Ian Quinn, and Dmitri Tymoczko
Science 18 April 2008: 346-348.
A geometric representation of Western music theory, in which distance represents similarity of chord types, reveals relations among diverse musical concepts. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Picosecond Coherent Optical Manipulation of a Single Electron Spin in a Quantum Dot

J. Berezovsky, M. H. Mikkelsen, N. G. Stoltz, L. A. Coldren, and D. D. Awschalom
Science 18 April 2008: 349-352.
A series of ultrafast optical pulses can be used to rotate the spin of a single electron in a quantum dot by a specified angle within a few picoseconds. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Coherent Dynamics of a Single Spin Interacting with an Adjustable Spin Bath

R. Hanson, V. V. Dobrovitski, A. E. Feiguin, O. Gywat, and D. D. Awschalom
Science 18 April 2008: 352-355.
Published online 13 March 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1155400] (in Science Express Reports)
Simulations successfully show how the spin of a nitrogen vacancy in diamond is coupled to those of surrounding nitrogen impurities and how coherence between them is lost. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Chaotic Dirac Billiard in Graphene Quantum Dots

L. A. Ponomarenko, F. Schedin, M. I. Katsnelson, R. Yang, E. W. Hill, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim
Science 18 April 2008: 356-358.
Graphene quantum dots vary with their size: Large dots form molecular-scale transistors, intermediate ones show quantum chaos, and the smallest act as single-electron detectors. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Atomlike, Hollow-Core–Bound Molecular Orbitals of C₆₀

Min Feng, Jin Zhao, and Hrvoje Petek
Science 18 April 2008: 359-362.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory reveal that C₆₀ acts as a superatom in which its unoccupied orbitals are atomlike and delocalized in aggregates. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Chemical Genomic Portrait of Yeast: Uncovering a Phenotype for All Genes

Maureen E. Hillenmeyer, Eula Fung, Jan Wildenhain, Sarah E. Pierce, Shawn Hoon, William Lee, Michael Proctor, Robert P. St.Onge, Mike Tyers, Daphne Koller, Russ B. Altman, Ronald W. Davis, Corey Nislow, and Guri Giaever
Science 18 April 2008: 362-365.
Exposing yeast cultures to an extensive variety of small molecules and environmental stresses indicates that almost all genes have a demonstrable biological function. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Wnt5a Control of Cell Polarity and Directional Movement by Polarized Redistribution of Adhesion Receptors

Eric S. Witze, Elizabeth S. Litman, Gretchen M. Argast, Randall T. Moon, and Natalie G. Ahn
Science 18 April 2008: 365-369.
A developmental signal causes clustering of membrane-associated proteins (including its receptor) at one end of the cell, marking the cell’s polarity for directional movement. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Model for Neuronal Competition During Development

Christopher D. Deppmann, Stefan Mihalas, Nikhil Sharma, Bonnie E. Lonze, Ernst Niebur, and David D. Ginty
Science 18 April 2008: 369-373.
Published online 6 March 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1152677] (in Science Express Reports)
Modeling and experiments show that neurons survive during development when neuronal sensitization to survival signals outweighs antagonistic signals for cell death. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Recapitulation of IVIG Anti-Inflammatory Activity with a Recombinant IgG Fc

Robert M. Anthony, Falk Nimmerjahn, David J. Ashline, Vernon N. Reinhold, James C. Paulson, and Jeffrey V. Ravetch
Science 18 April 2008: 373-376.
By identifying the sugar modifications responsible for the therapeutic, anti-inflammatory effect of immunoglobulin, an improved recombinant version can be formulated. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reconstitution of Pilus Assembly Reveals a Bacterial Outer Membrane Catalyst

Mireille Nishiyama, Takashi Ishikawa, Helene Rechsteiner, and Rudi Glockshuber
Science 18 April 2008: 376-379.
Published online 27 March 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1154994] (in Science Express Reports)
The cell-free formation of the protruberant pilus of a pathogenic bacteria is accelerated by a protein that catalyzes supramolecular assembly without input of cellular energy. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Structural Basis of Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling with Double-Stranded RNA

Lin Liu, Istvan Botos, Yan Wang, Joshua N. Leonard, Joseph Shiloach, David M. Segal, and David R. Davies
Science 18 April 2008: 379-381.
Two horseshoe-shaped monomers of an innate immunity receptor bind to viral RNA through carboxyl-terminal dimerization, ultimately triggering inflammation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Divergence of Quaternary Structures Among Bacterial Flagellar Filaments

Vitold E. Galkin, Xiong Yu, Jakub Bielnicki, John Heuser, Cheryl P. Ewing, Patricia Guerry, and Edward H. Egelman
Science 18 April 2008: 382-385.
Flagellar proteins from two bacterial species diverge in their coiled-coil regions; only one triggers an immune response, which may have driven their evolutionary divergence. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Antidepressant Fluoxetine Restores Plasticity in the Adult Visual Cortex

José Fernando Maya Vetencourt, Alessandro Sale, Alessandro Viegi, Laura Baroncelli, Roberto De Pasquale, Olivia F. O'Leary, Eero Castrén, and Lamberto Maffei
Science 18 April 2008: 385-388.
An antidepressant drug increases growth factors and reduces inhibitory activity in the visual cortex of adult rats, thereby restoring the plasticity seen only during development. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|