Quantum Matter

Quantum Wonderland

Ian Osborne and Robert Coontz
Science 29 February 2008: 1201.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

Quantum Gases

Immanuel Bloch
Science 29 February 2008: 1202-1203.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Quantum Liquids

A. J. Leggett
Science 29 February 2008: 1203-1205.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Quantum Critical Electron Systems: The Uncharted Sign Worlds

J. Zaanen
Science 29 February 2008: 1205-1207.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Supersolidity

M. H. W. Chan
Science 29 February 2008: 1207-1209.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Quantum Information Matters

Seth Lloyd
Science 29 February 2008: 1209-1211.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Looking to the Future of Quantum Optics

Ian A. Walmsley
Science 29 February 2008: 1211-1213.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 29 February 2008: 1157.
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Editorial:
On the Way Out

Donald Kennedy
Science 29 February 2008: 1161.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 29 February 2008: 1162.
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Science Podcast

Science 29 February 2008: 1268.
Summary »|   Transcript »|  

NEW PRODUCTS

Science 29 February 2008: 1268.
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News of the Week

SCIENCE EDUCATION: Florida Standards Support Evolution--With a Twist

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 29 February 2008: 1168.
Summary: The Florida Board of Education last week approved science standards that for the first time explicitly embrace the teaching of evolution. But antievolution activists are claiming that the vote bolsters their position that evolution is a "just a theory" and therefore unproven. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PEER REVIEW: NIH Urged to Focus on New Ideas, New Applicants

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 29 February 2008: 1169.
Summary: Advisers to the U.S. National Institutes of Health outlined a near-final plan to rescue the overburdened NIH peer-review system last week. They want NIH to go for a sweeping overhaul--one that would speed reviews, make the system more inviting, and nudge it to favor new ideas. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SPACE EXPLORATION: New Prize Sends Old Hands on Flights of Lunar Discovery

Eli Kintisch
Science 29 February 2008: 1170-1171.
Summary: Ten teams have stepped to the starting line in the $30 million Google Lunar X Prize, "a new commercial moon race" for lunar industries and science. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: Chemist Found Responsible for Ethical Breaches

Robert F. Service
Science 29 February 2008: 1170-1171.
Summary: An Indian chemistry professor has been punished by his university for committing unethical practices involving what appear to be dozens of recent papers, including plagiarizing data in an article submitted last year to an analytical chemistry journal. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ANNETTE SCHAVAN INTERVIEW: German Science Takes an International View

Gretchen Vogel
Science 29 February 2008: 1172.
Summary: Annette Schavan, Germany's research and education minister, discusses Germany's latest science policy developments with Science. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

RESEARCH FUNDING: Philip Morris Pulls the Plug on Controversial Research Program

David Grimm
Science 29 February 2008: 1173.
Summary: Philip Morris has ended a controversial 8-year-old program that supported research at dozens of U.S. universities. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 29 February 2008: 1171.
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Random Samples

Science 29 February 2008: 1165.
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Newsmakers

Science 29 February 2008: 1167.
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News Focus

SPACE SCIENCE: War of the Worlds?

Andrew Lawler
Science 29 February 2008: 1174-1176.
Summary: Despite the prospect of a sample-return mission, some researchers worry that the golden age of Mars science may be on the wane as NASA shifts its focus to Earth and Jupiter or Saturn. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

RESEARCH FUNDING: Are Epigeneticists Ready for Big Science?

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 29 February 2008: 1177.
Summary: The National Institutes of Health's hefty boost of U.S. epigenomics efforts has Europe wondering where it fits in. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

AVIAN INFLUENZA: Flu Virus Research Yields Results but No Magic Bullet for Pandemic

Dennis Normile
Science 29 February 2008: 1178-1179.
Summary: As concerns wane that the bird flu strain H5N1 will spark a global pandemic, scientists are warning that the virus, perhaps less of a threat, is here to stay. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ATOMIC PHYSICS: Insights Flow From Ultracold Atoms That Mimic Superconductors

Adrian Cho
Science 29 February 2008: 1180-1181.
Summary: They're the technological progeny of famed Bose-Einstein condensates. But chilly gases called Fermi condensates are proving even richer in new physics. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: Rocking the Cradle of Humanity

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 29 February 2008: 1182-1183.
Summary: The nation of Ethiopia is seeking to leverage its past--including its most famous daughter, the hominid called Lucy--to help secure its future. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 29 February 2008: 1184.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

 The Need to Cut China's Illegal Timber Imports

William F. Laurance;, Guangyu Wang, John L. Innes, Sara W. Wu, Shuanyou Dai, and Jiafu Lei
Science 29 February 2008: 1184-1185.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Minding Controls in Curriculum Study

Jean Mercer; and Adele Diamond
Science 29 February 2008: 1185-1186.
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Books et al.

EVOLUTION: Happening Now, Outdoors

Hanna Kokko
Science 29 February 2008: 1187-1188.
Summary: Drawing on decades of research in the Galapagos (especially their own work), the authors offer a comprehensive introduction to Darwin's finches and to evolutionary radiations on islands. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY: Tilting at a Myth

David L. Morton Jr.
Science 29 February 2008: 1188.
Summary: On the basis of his own archival research, the author argues that Alexander Graham Bell stole the key idea behind the invention of the telephone from Elisha Gray. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 29 February 2008: 1188.
Summary »|  

Education Forum

INQUIRY LEARNING: Integrating Content Detail and Critical Reasoning by Peer Review

Ravi Iyengar, Maria A. Diverse-Pierluissi, Sherry L. Jenkins, Andrew M. Chan, Lakshmi A. Devi, Eric A. Sobie, Adrian T. Ting, and Daniel C. Weinstein
Science 29 February 2008: 1189-1190.
Summary: Classroom lectures by experts in combination with journal clubs and Web-based discussion forums help graduate students develop critical reasoning skills. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Perspectives

CELL BIOLOGY: No ESCRTs for Exosomes

Mark Marsh and Gerrit van Meer
Science 29 February 2008: 1191-1192.
Summary: Two pathways within endosomes use specific protein complexes or membrane domains to direct cargo for degradation or secretion from cells. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: New Materials at a Glance

Michael J. Brett and Matthew M. Hawkeye
Science 29 February 2008: 1192-1193.
Summary: Depositing materials on a substrate at a glancing angle can create new and unusual structures. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSICS: Complexity in Fusion Plasmas

Peter A. Norreys
Science 29 February 2008: 1193-1194.
Summary: Images of imploding fusion plasmas reveal complex electric and magnetic field structures. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CHEMISTRY: An Enlightening Structure-Function Relationship

Bruce A. Armitage and Peter B. Berget
Science 29 February 2008: 1195-1196.
Summary: Mutation and structural data elucidate distinct mechanisms by which different antibodies bind and induce luminescence of dye molecules. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GENOMICS: Reconstruction of the Genomes

Drew Endy
Science 29 February 2008: 1196-1197.
Summary: Advances in DNA sequencing and synthesis technologies are making it possible to read and write entire genomes. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CHEMISTRY: Getting Specific About Specific Ion Effects

Douglas J. Tobias and John C. Hemminger
Science 29 February 2008: 1197-1198.
Summary: Recent studies are shedding light on the mechanisms that drive the properties of salt solutions. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PROFILE: Bruce Alberts, Science's New Editor

Marc Kirschner
Science 29 February 2008: 1199.
Summary: Highlights from Alberts's life as a citizen-scientist make it clear that he is well prepared to lead the journal. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Association Affairs

AAAS News and Notes

Science 29 February 2008: 1200.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

Ubiquity of Biological Ice Nucleators in Snowfall

Brent C. Christner, Cindy E. Morris, Christine M. Foreman, Rongman Cai, and David C. Sands
Science 29 February 2008: 1214.
Biogenic aerosols are ubiquitous in nuclei of ice particles that grow and form snowflakes, and thus may influence the precipitation cycle. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Complete Chemical Synthesis, Assembly, and Cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium Genome

Daniel G. Gibson, Gwynedd A. Benders, Cynthia Andrews-Pfannkoch, Evgeniya A. Denisova, Holly Baden-Tillson, Jayshree Zaveri, Timothy B. Stockwell, Anushka Brownley, David W. Thomas, Mikkel A. Algire, Chuck Merryman, Lei Young, Vladimir N. Noskov, John I. Glass, J. Craig Venter, Clyde A. Hutchison, III, and Hamilton O. Smith
Science 29 February 2008: 1215-1220.
Published online 24 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151721] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A complete bacterial genome is synthesized, assembled, and cloned, providing a method that will be useful for generating large DNA molecules de novo. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Asphericity in Supernova Explosions from Late-Time Spectroscopy

Keiichi Maeda, Koji Kawabata, Paolo A. Mazzali, Masaomi Tanaka, Stefano Valenti, Ken'ichi Nomoto, Takashi Hattori, Jinsong Deng, Elena Pian, Stefan Taubenberger, Masanori Iye, Thomas Matheson, Alexei V. Filippenko, Kentaro Aoki, George Kosugi, Youichi Ohyama, Toshiyuki Sasaki, and Tadafumi Takata
Science 29 February 2008: 1220-1223.
Published online 31 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1149437] (in Science Express Reports)
Spectroscopic signatures show that supernova explosions of stars that have lost their hydrogen envelopes are strongly aspherical and may be jetlike. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Proton Radiography of Inertial Fusion Implosions

J. R. Rygg, F. H. Séguin, C. K. Li, J. A. Frenje, M. J.-E. Manuel, R. D. Petrasso, R. Betti, J. A. Delettrez, O. V. Gotchev, J. P. Knauer, D. D. Meyerhofer, F. J. Marshall, C. Stoeckl, and W. Theobald
Science 29 February 2008: 1223-1225.
Beams of protons used to map laser fusion targets as they implode reveal the generation of long plasma filaments and a strong radial electric field. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Long-Range Order in Electronic Transport Through Disordered Metal Films

S. Aigner, L. Della Pietra, Y. Japha, O. Entin-Wohlman, T. David, R. Salem, R. Folman, and J. Schmiedmayer
Science 29 February 2008: 1226-1229.
At ultracold temperatures, magnetometry suggests that defects in a gold wire produce organized, long-range electron deflections oriented at 45° to the direction of current flow. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Chemically Derived, Ultrasmooth Graphene Nanoribbon Semiconductors

Xiaolin Li, Xinran Wang, Li Zhang, Sangwon Lee, and Hongjie Dai
Science 29 February 2008: 1229-1232.
Published online 24 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1150878] (in Science Express Reports)
Unlike nanotubes, 10-nanometer-wide graphene nanoribbons have smooth edges and can act as semiconductors. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Deeply Inverted Electron-Hole Recombination in a Luminescent Antibody-Stilbene Complex

Erik W. Debler, Gunnar F. Kaufmann, Michael M. Meijler, Andreas Heine, Jenny M. Mee, Goran Pljevaljcic, Angel J. Di Bilio, Peter G. Schultz, David P. Millar, Kim D. Janda, Ian A. Wilson, Harry B. Gray, and Richard A. Lerner
Science 29 February 2008: 1232-1235.
The bright blue emission from a stilbene-antibody complex, a versatile biosensor, is not fluorescence, but arises from charge recombination between a stilbene anion and a cationic side chain. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt

Joseph Fargione, Jason Hill, David Tilman, Stephen Polasky, and Peter Hawthorne
Science 29 February 2008: 1235-1238.
Published online 7 February 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1152747] (in Science Express Reports)
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change

Timothy Searchinger, Ralph Heimlich, R. A. Houghton, Fengxia Dong, Amani Elobeid, Jacinto Fabiosa, Simla Tokgoz, Dermot Hayes, and Tun-Hsiang Yu
Science 29 February 2008: 1238-1240.
Published online 7 February 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151861] (in Science Express Reports)
Converting forests and grasslands to biofuels crop production results in a net carbon flux to the atmosphere for decades despite any displacement of fossil fuel use. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Local Positive Feedback Regulation Determines Cell Shape in Root Hair Cells

Seiji Takeda, Catherine Gapper, Hidetaka Kaya, Elizabeth Bell, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, and Liam Dolan
Science 29 February 2008: 1241-1244.
Accumulation of an oxidase enzyme at one end of Arabidopsis root hair cells generates reactive oxygen species, which in turn trigger calcium entry and directional growth. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Ceramide Triggers Budding of Exosome Vesicles into Multivesicular Endosomes

Katarina Trajkovic, Chieh Hsu, Salvatore Chiantia, Lawrence Rajendran, Dirk Wenzel, Felix Wieland, Petra Schwille, Britta Brügger, and Mikael Simons
Science 29 February 2008: 1244-1247.
Endosomes, membrane-bound vesicles later released from cells, are filled by a lipid-controlled budding of certain membrane regions into the lumen. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Membrane Proteins of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Induce High-Curvature Tubules

Junjie Hu, Yoko Shibata, Christiane Voss, Tom Shemesh, Zongli Li, Margaret Coughlin, Michael M. Kozlov, Tom A. Rapoport, and William A. Prinz
Science 29 February 2008: 1247-1250.
Integral membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum induce the development of tubular structures in vitro by forming oligomers in the plane of the membrane. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Leading-Edge Vortex Improves Lift in Slow-Flying Bats

F. T. Muijres, L. C. Johansson, R. Barfield, M. Wolf, G. R. Spedding, and A. Hedenström
Science 29 February 2008: 1250-1253.
Flying bats generate high lift forces similar to those used by insects, creating a vortex of air that stays attached to the wing on the downward stroke. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Synaptic Protein Degradation Underlies Destabilization of Retrieved Fear Memory

Sue-Hyun Lee, Jun-Hyeok Choi, Nuribalhae Lee, Hye-Ryeon Lee, Jae-Ick Kim, Nam-Kyung Yu, Sun-Lim Choi, Seung-Hee Lee, Hyoung Kim, and Bong-Kiun Kaang
Science 29 February 2008: 1253-1256.
Published online 7 February 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1150541] (in Science Express Reports)
Upon recollection, mouse memories of fearful situations become labile, as postsynaptic proteins are degraded by proteosomes and are then reconsolidated via protein synthesis. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Hybrid Neurons in a MicroRNA Mutant Are Putative Evolutionary Intermediates in Insect CO₂ Sensory Systems

Pelin Cayirlioglu, Ilona Grunwald Kadow, Xiaoli Zhan, Katsutomo Okamura, Greg S. B. Suh, Dorian Gunning, Eric C. Lai, and S. Lawrence Zipursky
Science 29 February 2008: 1256-1260.
Loss of a microRNA in Drosophila leads to misexpression of CO₂-sensing neurons in the mouthparts, creating a possible evolutionary hybrid between the fruit fly and mosquito. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Transgenic Inhibition of Synaptic Transmission Reveals Role of CA3 Output in Hippocampal Learning

Toshiaki Nakashiba, Jennie Z. Young, Thomas J. McHugh, Derek L. Buhl, and Susumu Tonegawa
Science 29 February 2008: 1260-1264.
Published online 24 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151120] (in Science Express Reports)
Blockade of neural activity in the CA3 region of the hippocampus with a reversible, inducible transgenic method inhibits rapid learning but spares certain spatial tasks. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

BOLD Responses Reflecting Dopaminergic Signals in the Human Ventral Tegmental Area

Kimberlee D'Ardenne, Samuel M. McClure, Leigh E. Nystrom, and Jonathan D. Cohen
Science 29 February 2008: 1264-1267.
In humans, activity measurements in a small midbrain region show that resident dopamine-containing neurons accurately predict rewards in a learning task. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|