This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 15 February 2008: 873.
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Editorial:
"Glocal" Science Advocacy

Alan I. Leshner
Science 15 February 2008: 877.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 15 February 2008: 878.
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Science Podcast

Science 15 February 2008: 969.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 15 February 2008: 969.
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News of the Week

CLINICAL RESEARCH: Deaths in Diabetes Trial Challenge a Long-Held Theory

Jennifer Couzin
Science 15 February 2008: 884-885.
Last week, a major component of a glucose-reduction trial was suspended because there were more deaths in the treatment group than among those who received standard care and had higher glucose levels. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ASTRONOMY: Alien Planetary System Looks a Lot Like Home

Richard A. Kerr
Science 15 February 2008: 885.
After finding nearly 250 alien-looking extrasolar planets, astronomers using a powerful new observing technique report in Science this week (p. 927) that they have spotted a planetary system--a star and two giant planets--that bears a striking resemblance to our own solar system. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BIOSAFETY: Biodefense Watchdog Project Folds, Leaving a Void

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 15 February 2008: 886.
An activist who has been both loathed and lauded for his criticism of safety at the United States's booming biodefense labs is closing his doors. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

EARTH OBSERVING: U.S. Prepares to Launch Flawed Satellite

Eli Kintisch
Science 15 February 2008: 886.
The U.S. government is planning to fly an Earth-observing satellite that will be essentially colorblind, at least as far as the oceans are concerned. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ECOLOGY: Senate Bill Would Scale Up Forest Restoration

Erik Stokstad
Science 15 February 2008: 887.
A bill introduced in the U.S. Senate last week would direct the Forest Service to fund large, collaborative projects to reduce fire risk, improve forest health, and stimulate economic development. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

RETROVIRUS MEETING: Back-to-Basics Push as HIV Prevention Struggles

Jon Cohen
Science 15 February 2008: 888.
Last week at the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, reports of successful HIV prevention efforts relieved the gloom over the continuing lack of an effective vaccine. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GLOBAL WARMING: Another Side to the Climate-Cloud Conundrum Finally Revealed

Richard A. Kerr
Science 15 February 2008: 889.
Two new studies show that clouds' response to global temperature changes may be much quicker and more direct--and thus easier to study--than experts have thought. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 15 February 2008: 887.
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Random Samples

Science 15 February 2008: 881.
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Newsmakers

Science 15 February 2008: 883.
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News Focus

ENDANGERED SPECIES: Wolves at the Door of a More Dangerous World

Virginia Morell
Science 15 February 2008: 890-892.
Weeks away from being removed from the endangered species list, wolves in the northern Rockies may soon be hunted once more. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CHEMISTRY: Framework Materials Grab CO₂ and Researchers' Attention

Robert F. Service
Science 15 February 2008: 893.
Porous solids have become a rich playground for chemists, who can tailor the materials' makeup for use in gas storage, filtering (see p. 939), and catalysis. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS: In South Africa, XDR TB and HIV Prove a Deadly Combination

Robert Koenig
Science 15 February 2008: 894-897.
Since the 2005-2006 outbreak of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal Province, health experts have been grappling with how to detect and treat the disease. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS: Research Project Mimics TB Transmission

Robert Koenig
Science 15 February 2008: 897.
This spring, South African and U.S. researchers will investigate variables in tuberculosis transmission at the new Airborne Infection Research Facility in the coal-mining city of Witbank. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

JOINT MATHEMATICS MEETING: Number Theorists' Big Cover-Up Proves Harder Than It Looks

Science 15 February 2008: 898-899.
Recent progress in the theory of coverings--collections of number sequences that, taken together, include every single integer--was described at the Joint Mathematics Meeting. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

JOINT MATHEMATICS MEETING: A Woman Who Counted

Barry Cipra
Science 15 February 2008: 899.
At the Joint Mathematics Meeting, two mathematicians reported that early 19th century mathematician Sophie Germain did far more work in number theory than she has ever been given credit for. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

JOINT MATHEMATICS MEETING: Exact-Postage Poser Still Not Licked

Barry Cipra
Science 15 February 2008: 899.
Using techniques from computational algebraic geometry, researchers announced stunning progress in solving large cases of what's known as the three-stamp problem at the Joint Mathematics Meeting. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 15 February 2008: 900.
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 Climate Change: A Titanic Challenge

Steven C. Sherwood
Science 15 February 2008: 900.
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 The Untapped Potential of Bed Nets

Andrew Y. Kitua, Leonard Mboera, Stephen M. Magesa, Caroline A. Maxwell, and Christopher F. Curtis
Science 15 February 2008: 900.
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 A Nobel Lesson: The Grant Behind the Prize

Jeremy M. Berg; and Mario R. Capecchi
Science 15 February 2008: 900-901.
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 Making Sense of Scrambled Genomes

Dave Speijer; and Laura F. Landweber
Science 15 February 2008: 901-902.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 15 February 2008: 901.
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Books et al.

SOCIOLOGY: It's Constraints, Not Choices

Phyllis Moen
Science 15 February 2008: 903-904.
Challenging media claims of a return to tradition, Stone offers a detailed consideration of the reasons why many professional women with children leave the workplace. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE: The In-Group Rules

Ben W. Heineman Jr.
Science 15 February 2008: 904-905.
Approaching morality from the perspective of behavioral and social development, Hinde explores the values people hold, the actions they actually take, and how they arrive at their positions. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

A Taste of the Gonzo Scientist

John Bohannon
Science 15 February 2008: 905.
Grad students, postdocs, and professors rose to the challenge of interpreting their thesis work through the medium of dance. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 15 February 2008: 905.
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Policy Forum

TOXICOLOGY: Transforming Environmental Health Protection

Francis S. Collins, George M. Gray, and John R. Bucher
Science 15 February 2008: 906-907.
We propose a shift from primarily in vivo animal studies to in vitro assays, in vivo assays with lower organisms, and computational modeling for toxicity assessments. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

MATERIALS SCIENCE: Making Strong Fibers

Han Gi Chae and Satish Kumar
Science 15 February 2008: 908-909.
Research toward carbon nanotube fibers that are light yet extremely strong is progressing rapidly. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ECONOMICS: Homo economicus Evolves

Steven D. Levitt and John A. List
Science 15 February 2008: 909-910.
Economic models can benefit from incorporating insights from psychology, but behavior in the lab might be a poor guide to real-world behavior. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MEDICINE: Combating Impervious Bugs

Richard P. Novick
Science 15 February 2008: 910-911.
Host and bacterial proteins essential for bacterial survival offer new avenues for developing nonantibiotic-based treatments for infections. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: On Mixing and Demixing

Julio M. Ottino and Richard M. Lueptow
Science 15 February 2008: 912-913.
Insights into the physics of mixing are leading to methods for avoiding segregation of different particles. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ECOLOGY: Green with Complexity

Shahid Naeem
Science 15 February 2008: 913-914.
Predators, by affecting prey behavior, can change both plant diversity and productivity in an ecosystem. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MEDICINE: Sidestepping Mutational Meltdown

Eric A. Shoubridge and Timothy Wai
Science 15 February 2008: 914-915.
Mouse mitochondrial DNA with severe mutations is not passed down to later generations, but the selection process is unclear. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Adapting Proteostasis for Disease Intervention

William E. Balch, Richard I. Morimoto, Andrew Dillin, and Jeffery W. Kelly
Science 15 February 2008: 916-919.
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Brevia

Emergence of Anoxia in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem

F. Chan, J. A. Barth, J. Lubchenco, A. Kirincich, H. Weeks, W. T. Peterson, and B. A. Menge
Science 15 February 2008: 920.
Extreme oxygen deficits in the northern California Current system caused widespread anoxia, killing benthic invertebrates on the continental shelf of Oregon during 2006. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Identification of Host Proteins Required for HIV Infection Through a Functional Genomic Screen

Abraham L. Brass, Derek M. Dykxhoorn, Yair Benita, Nan Yan, Alan Engelman, Ramnik J. Xavier, Judy Lieberman, and Stephen J. Elledge
Science 15 February 2008: 921-926.
Published online 10 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1152725] (in Science Express Research Articles)
An RNAi screen identified 237 new and 38 known human proteins required for HIV infection, including ones used in Golgi transport and in viral integration and transcription. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Discovery of a Jupiter/Saturn Analog with Gravitational Microlensing

B. S. Gaudi, D. P. Bennett, A. Udalski, A. Gould, G. W. Christie, D. Maoz, S. Dong, J. McCormick, M. K. Szymanski, P. J. Tristram, S. Nikolaev, B. Paczynski, M. Kubiak, G. Pietrzynski, I. Soszynski, O. Szewczyk, K. Ulaczyk, L. Wyrzykowski, The OGLE Collaboration, D. L. DePoy, C. Han, S. Kaspi, C.-U. Lee, F. Mallia, T. Natusch, R. W. Pogge, B.-G. Park, The µFUN Collaboration, F. Abe, I. A. Bond, C. S. Botzler, A. Fukui, J. B. Hearnshaw, Y. Itow, K. Kamiya, A. V. Korpela, P. M. Kilmartin, W. Lin, K. Masuda, Y. Matsubara, M. Motomura, Y. Muraki, S. Nakamura, T. Okumura, K. Ohnishi, N. J. Rattenbury, T. Sako, To. Saito, S. Sato, L. Skuljan, D. J. Sullivan, T. Sumi, W. L. Sweatman, P. C. M. Yock, The MOA Collaboration, M. D. Albrow, A. Allan, J.-P. Beaulieu, M. J. Burgdorf, K. H. Cook, C. Coutures, M. Dominik, S. Dieters, P. Fouqué, J. Greenhill, K. Horne, I. Steele, Y. Tsapras, From the PLANET and RoboNet Collaborations, B. Chaboyer, A. Crocker, S. Frank, and B. Macintosh
Science 15 February 2008: 927-930.
A system of two giant planets orbiting a star has been discovered through their gravitational deflection of light from more distant stars. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Imaging Phonon Excitation with Atomic Resolution

H. Gawronski, M. Mehlhorn, and K. Morgenstern
Science 15 February 2008: 930-933.
Maps of the second derivative of the scanning tunneling microscope current with respect to voltage reveal atomic-scale variations in the surface vibrational modes of metals. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Spin-Dependent WIMP Limits from a Bubble Chamber

E. Behnke, J. I. Collar, P. S. Cooper, K. Crum, M. Crisler, M. Hu, I. Levine, D. Nakazawa, H. Nguyen, B. Odom, E. Ramberg, J. Rasmussen, N. Riley, A. Sonnenschein, M. Szydagis, and R. Tschirhart
Science 15 February 2008: 933-936.
Experiments with a stabilized bubble chamber, consisting of a buried superheated liquid, limit the abundance of weakly interacting massive particles, a dark-matter candidate. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Electron-Driven Acid-Base Chemistry: Proton Transfer from Hydrogen Chloride to Ammonia

Soren N. Eustis, Dunja Radisic, Kit H. Bowen, Rafal A. Bachorz, Maciej Haranczyk, Gregory K. Schenter, and Maciej Gutowski
Science 15 February 2008: 936-939.
Spectroscopy and simulations show that binding an excess electron to HCl helps it fully transfer its proton to ammonia, facilitating this type of acid-base reaction in a vacuum. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

High-Throughput Synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks and Application to CO₂ Capture

Rahul Banerjee, Anh Phan, Bo Wang, Carolyn Knobler, Hiroyasu Furukawa, Michael O'Keeffe, and Omar M. Yaghi
Science 15 February 2008: 939-943.
Microporous metallic-organic frameworks with two types of linkers between the metal atoms in a tetrahedral lattice can take up large amounts of CO₂ at ambient conditions. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Rogue Mantle Helium and Neon

Francis Albarède
Science 15 February 2008: 943-945.
Published online 17 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1150060] (in Science Express Reports)
Anomalously high rations of ³He to ⁴He in the recycled basalts under ocean islands may result from helium diffusing in from more pristine, primitive mantle. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Premetazoan Ancestry of Cadherins

Monika Abedin and Nicole King
Science 15 February 2008: 946-948.
A close unicellular relative of metazoans unexpectedly contains 23 genes for a cell adhesion protein, suggesting a role for the protein in the evolution of multicellularity. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems

Benjamin S. Halpern, Shaun Walbridge, Kimberly A. Selkoe, Carrie V. Kappel, Fiorenza Micheli, Caterina D'Agrosa, John F. Bruno, Kenneth S. Casey, Colin Ebert, Helen E. Fox, Rod Fujita, Dennis Heinemann, Hunter S. Lenihan, Elizabeth M. P. Madin, Matthew T. Perry, Elizabeth R. Selig, Mark Spalding, Robert Steneck, and Reg Watson
Science 15 February 2008: 948-952.
A meta-analysis shows that human activities have altered virtually all ocean ecosystems, at least to some extent, documenting those areas needing the most protection. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Effects of Predator Hunting Mode on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Oswald J. Schmitz
Science 15 February 2008: 952-954.
An ecosystem containing actively hunting spiders shows lower plant diversity but higher primary production than one with spiders that sit and wait to ambush their prey. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Axle-Less F₁-ATPase Rotates in the Correct Direction

Shou Furuike, Mohammad Delawar Hossain, Yasushi Maki, Kengo Adachi, Toshiharu Suzuki, Ayako Kohori, Hiroyasu Itoh, Masasuke Yoshida, and Kazuhiko Kinosita, Jr.
Science 15 February 2008: 955-958.
A molecular rotary motor continues to rotate in the correct direction even when its shaft is deleted, leaving only the rotor head sitting on top of the shaft housing. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Mouse Model of Mitochondrial Disease Reveals Germline Selection Against Severe mtDNA Mutations

Weiwei Fan, Katrina G. Waymire, Navneet Narula, Peng Li, Christophe Rocher, Pinar E. Coskun, Mani A. Vannan, Jagat Narula, Grant R. MacGregor, and Douglas C. Wallace
Science 15 February 2008: 958-962.
Developing mouse oocytes that harbor highly deleterious mitochondrial DNA mutations are eliminated, minimizing negative impact on population fitness. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Metal Chelation and Inhibition of Bacterial Growth in Tissue Abscesses

Brian D. Corbin, Erin H. Seeley, Andrea Raab, Joerg Feldmann, Michael R. Miller, Victor J. Torres, Kelsi L. Anderson, Brian M. Dattilo, Paul M. Dunman, Russell Gerads, Richard M. Caprioli, Wolfgang Nacken, Walter J. Chazin, and Eric P. Skaar
Science 15 February 2008: 962-965.
An immune cell–derived protein binds metal ions in infected abscesses, depriving the bacteria of the essential nutrients magnesium and zinc and reducing their growth. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning

Jeffrey D. Karpicke and Henry L. Roediger, III
Science 15 February 2008: 966-968.
Students recalled words they had learned the previous week more effectively if they were tested repeatedly in the interim than if they spent the time studying. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals"

Joseph A. Tobias, John M. Bates, Shannon J. Hackett, and Nathalie Seddon
Science 15 February 2008: 901.
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Response to Comment on "The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals"

J. T. Weir and D. Schluter
Science 15 February 2008: 901.
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