Cities

Reimagining Cities

Caroline Ash, Barbara R. Jasny, Leslie Roberts, Richard Stone, and Andrew M. Sugden
Science 8 February 2008: 739.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

News

China's Living Laboratory in Urbanization

Dennis Normile
Science 8 February 2008: 740-743.
With millions of farmers each year moving to its burgeoning cities, China is searching for novel ways to expand urban areas while conserving natural resources. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Calming Traffic on Bogotá's Killing Streets

Jon Cohen
Science 8 February 2008: 742-743.
With humor, education, and tough laws, this Colombian city has dramatically reduced traffic injuries and deaths. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Durban's Poor Get Water Services Long Denied

Robert Koenig
Science 8 February 2008: 744-745.
By providing clean water and improved toilets in "township" settlements, Durban is tackling one of the remaining vestiges of apartheid. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Pipe Dreams Come True

Jon Cohen
Science 8 February 2008: 745-746.
A big investment in sewer connections in Salvador, Brazil, has led to a steep decline in diarrhea, a major killer of kids. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Rebuilt From Ruins, a Water Utility Turns Clean and Pure

Erik Stokstad
Science 8 February 2008: 746-747.
A hard battle to root out corruption and renew devastated infrastructure has paid off in the capital of Cambodia. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Living in the Danger Zone

Jennifer Couzin
Science 8 February 2008: 748-749.
The siren call of storm-battered coasts and other beautiful but hazardous human nesting areas has compelled urban planners to gird for the worst. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Choking on Fumes, Kolkata Faces a Noxious Future

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 8 February 2008: 749.
Faced with political opposition, Kolkata lags behind other Indian cities in tackling auto emissions. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

From Gasoline Alleys to Electric Avenues

Eli Kintisch
Science 8 February 2008: 750-751.
A grass-roots campaign for next-generation electric cars could help make fuel-efficient and less polluting hybrid plug-ins a reality. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Unclogging Urban Arteries

Elizabeth Quill
Science 8 February 2008: 750-751.
"Congestion charges" can significantly reduce gridlock. Next step: Taxes on high-polluting vehicles? Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Upending the Traditional Farm

Gretchen Vogel
Science 8 February 2008: 752-753.
Cities are taking over farmland. Could they someday take over the job of farming, too? Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Imagining a City Where (Electrical) Resistance Is Futile

Daniel Clery
Science 8 February 2008: 753.
Will the cities of the future be powered by liquid hydrogen transmitted via superconducting cables? Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Money--With Strings--to Fight Poverty

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 8 February 2008: 754-755.
Cash incentives for education and health care are a new tool for helping the urban poor in Mexico and New York. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Building on a Firm Foundation

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 8 February 2008: 755.
Researchers have found striking improvements in child health from a simple measure: giving poor Mexican families a concrete floor. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

The Urban Transformation of the Developing World

Mark R. Montgomery
Science 8 February 2008: 761-764.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Reproducing in Cities

Ruth Mace
Science 8 February 2008: 764-766.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Health and Urban Living

Christopher Dye
Science 8 February 2008: 766-769.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Size, Scale, and Shape of Cities

Michael Batty
Science 8 February 2008: 769-771.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Reviews

Global Change and the Ecology of Cities

Nancy B. Grimm, Stanley H. Faeth, Nancy E. Golubiewski, Charles L. Redman, Jianguo Wu, Xuemei Bai, and John M. Briggs
Science 8 February 2008: 756-760.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Urbanization and the Wealth of Nations

David E. Bloom, David Canning, and Günther Fink
Science 8 February 2008: 772-775.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 8 February 2008: 693.
|Full Text »

Editorial:
Science for the Globe

David Baltimore
Science 8 February 2008: 697.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 8 February 2008: 699.
|Full Text »

Science Podcast

Science 8 February 2008: 829.
Summary »|   Transcript »|  

NEW PRODUCTS

Science 8 February 2008: 829.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

AFRICA: Kenyan Scientists Endure Violent Unrest, University Closings

Robert Koenig
Science 8 February 2008: 708-709.
Progress in mediation efforts offered hope this week that the deadly tribal tensions in Kenya that have closed public universities and disrupted scientific projects can be defused. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BIOCHEMISTRY: Lifting the Veil on Traditional Chinese Medicine

Richard Stone
Science 8 February 2008: 709-710.
A Chinese team is about to embark on a 15-year effort to identify the constituents of herbal preparations used as medications for centuries in China. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ANIMAL DISEASE: Exotic Disease of Farm Animals Tests Europe's Responses

Martin Enserink
Science 8 February 2008: 710-711.
A recent meeting showed that a number of logistical, scientific, and political problems threaten to hobble the fight against bluetongue, an exotic insect-borne viral disease that unexpectedly popped up in northern and central Europe in 2006 and expanded aggressively in 2007. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

RESEARCH FUNDING: Prizes Eyed to Spur Medical Innovation

John Travis
Science 8 February 2008: 713.
A 2-day workshop held last week addressed the provocative question of whether prize incentives can stimulate the creation of new drugs and therapies. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 8 February 2008: 711.
|Full Text »

Random Samples

Science 8 February 2008: 705.
|Full Text »

Newsmakers

Science 8 February 2008: 707.
|Full Text »

News Focus

U.S. BUDGET 2009: A Science Budget of Choices and Chances

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 8 February 2008: 714-715.
In his final year, President George W. Bush has submitted a request for 2009 funding with few new wrinkles--and with probably little chance of being adopted. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. BUDGET 2009: A Broken Record?

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 8 February 2008: 715.
U.S. researchers have reason to feel ambivalent as they ponder the Bush Administration's boom-and-bust legacy toward science. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. BUDGET 2009: Near-Term Energy Research Prospers

Eli Kintisch
Science 8 February 2008: 716-717.
The recent rapid growth at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory reflects the strong support in Congress for research aimed at tackling global warming by making near-term adjustments to the country's existing energy sources. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. BUDGET 2009: NIH Hopes for More Mileage From Roadmap

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 8 February 2008: 716.
The Roadmap, which gets an 8% bump in President George W. Bush's 2009 request for the National Institutes of Health (see main text), remains Director Elias Zerhouni's signature effort to give patients a better chance of enjoying the fruits of basic research. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. BUDGET 2009: Earth Gets a Closer Look

Eli Kintisch
Science 8 February 2008: 717.
President George W. Bush wants Congress to beef up what scientists have called an anemic federal effort to scan Earth's atmosphere, land, and oceans from space. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SOLAR ENERGY: Can the Upstarts Top Silicon?

Robert F. Service
Science 8 February 2008: 718-720.
Several nascent technologies are improving prospects for turning the sun's rays into electricity. The success of any one of them could mean a big boost for solar power. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PLANETARY SCIENCE: MESSENGER Flyby Reveals a More Active and Stranger Mercury

Richard A. Kerr
Science 8 February 2008: 721.
The latest images from the MESSENGER mission to Mercury, released last week at a NASA press conference, demonstrate that there's more than one way for a big chunk of rock to evolve. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

WILDLIFE BIOLOGY: Berkeley Hyenas Face an Uncertain Future

Greg Miller
Science 8 February 2008: 722-723.
Long studied for their unusual anatomy and behavior, the world's only research colony of spotted hyenas faces a funding crisis. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 8 February 2008: 724.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

 Creating an Earth Atmospheric Trust

Peter Barnes, Robert Costanza, Paul Hawken, David Orr, Elinor Ostrom, Alvaro Umaña, and Oran Young
Science 8 February 2008: 724.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 The Latest Buzz About Colony Collapse Disorder

Denis Anderson, Iain J. East;, Diana Cox-Foster, Sean Conlan, Edward C. Holmes, Gustavo Palacios, Abby Kalkstein, Jay D. Evans, Nancy A. Moran, Phenix-Lan Quan, David Geiser, Thomas Briese, Mady Hornig, Jeffrey Hui, Dennis Vanengelsdorp, Jeffery S. Pettis, and W. Ian Lipkin
Science 8 February 2008: 724-725.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 More Toxin Tests Needed

James Huff
Science 8 February 2008: 725-726.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 The Inimitable Field of Cosmology

L. Bruce Railsback; and James Gunn
Science 8 February 2008: 726.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 8 February 2008: 726.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books et al.

SOCIOLOGY: Facing the Flames

Eugene A. Rosa
Science 8 February 2008: 728.
Incorporating his own experiences from time spent as a seasonal firefighter in Arizona, Desmond provides a sociological analysis of his fellow firefighters to argue against explanations for risk-taking that stress traits such as courage, toughness, and aggressiveness or cold calculations by individuals. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

TECHNOLOGY: Change of Time over Changing Time

Thomas S. Mullaney
Science 8 February 2008: 729.
Focusing on the International Date Line, the system of Standard Time zones, and Daylight Saving Time, Bartky explores aspects of the global adoption of uniform civil time. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BROWSING

Science 8 February 2008: 729.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 8 February 2008: 729.
Summary »|  

Policy Forum

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Climate Change--the Chinese Challenge

Ning Zeng, Yihui Ding, Jiahua Pan, Huijun Wang, and Jay Gregg
Science 8 February 2008: 730-731.
Controlling CO₂ emissions without hindering economic development is a major challenge for China and the world. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

GENETICS: Dwarfism, Where Pericentrin Gains Stature

Benedicte Delaval and Stephen Doxsey
Science 8 February 2008: 732-733.
Mutations in a protein that functions in cell division result in human growth disorders, possibly by connecting DNA damage signaling and centrosome dysfunction. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSICS: Amplifying a Tiny Optical Effect

K. J. Resch
Science 8 February 2008: 733-734.
A controversial approach in quantum physics now appears capable of improving the sensitivity and precision of measurements. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

IMMUNOLOGY: The Right Resident Bugs

Neal Silverman and Nicholas Paquette
Science 8 February 2008: 734-735.
Published online 24 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1154209] (in Science Express Perspectives)
A link between a transcription factor and control of immune responses in the fly gut opens the door to analyses of host-microbe mutalism. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSICS: From Complexity to Simplicity

Sudip Chakravarty
Science 8 February 2008: 735-736.
A combination of positively and negatively charged current carriers may provide a key to understanding cuprate superconductors. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CHEMISTRY: Taking a Selective Bite Out of Methane

C. Buddie Mullins and Greg O. Sitz
Science 8 February 2008: 736-737.
A clever experiment enables the selective cleavage of a specific bond in a surface reaction. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: Toward Flexible Batteries

Hiroyuki Nishide and Kenichi Oyaizu
Science 8 February 2008: 737-738.
Flexible batteries are under development for use in bendable electronic equipment. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

Experienced Saxophonists Learn to Tune Their Vocal Tracts

Jer Ming Chen, John Smith, and Joe Wolfe
Science 8 February 2008: 776.
To play the high range of the saxophone, players learn to tune the second resonance of their vocal tract to the desired note. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Innate Immune Homeostasis by the Homeobox Gene Caudal and Commensal-Gut Mutualism in Drosophila

Ji-Hwan Ryu, Sung-Hee Kim, Hyo-Young Lee, Jin Young Bai, Young-Do Nam, Jin-Woo Bae, Dong Gun Lee, Seung Chul Shin, Eun-Mi Ha, and Won-Jae Lee
Science 8 February 2008: 777-782.
Published online 24 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1149357] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A Drosophila gene important in development also inhibits the production of harmful antimicrobial peptides that could kill off beneficial gut microbes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Quantum Phase Extraction in Isospectral Electronic Nanostructures

Christopher R. Moon, Laila S. Mattos, Brian K. Foster, Gabriel Zeltzer, Wonhee Ko, and Hari C. Manoharan
Science 8 February 2008: 782-787.
Surface electronic states with different shapes but the same spectrum, like two different drums with the same sound, provide an extra handle for extracting the quantum phase. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Observation of the Spin Hall Effect of Light via Weak Measurements

Onur Hosten and Paul Kwiat
Science 8 February 2008: 787-790.
Published online 10 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1152697] (in Science Express Reports)
Displacement of light at an air-glass interface depends on its polarization, showing that photons have a spin Hall effect comparable to that seen for electrons. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Bond-Selective Control of a Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reaction

Daniel R. Killelea, Victoria L. Campbell, Nicholas S. Shuman, and Arthur L. Utz
Science 8 February 2008: 790-793.
Exciting the CH bond in CHD₃ just before it collides with a nickel surface minimizes dissipation of the collision energy throughout the molecule, allowing selective bond scission. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Colossal Positive and Negative Thermal Expansion in the Framework Material Ag₃[Co(CN)₆]

Andrew L. Goodwin, Mark Calleja, Michael J. Conterio, Martin T. Dove, John S. O. Evans, David A. Keen, Lars Peters, and Matthew G. Tucker
Science 8 February 2008: 794-797.
Like a lattice fence, a silver-based framework material expands greatly in one direction upon heating, while contracting even more in the orthogonal direction. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Elastic Anisotropy of Earth's Inner Core

Anatoly B. Belonoshko, Natalia V. Skorodumova, Anders Rosengren, and Börje Johansson
Science 8 February 2008: 797-800.
Simulations show that at high pressures sound waves travel through the body-centered cubic structure of iron faster in one direction, explaining seismic data on the inner core. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Spatial Pattern and Mechanisms of Heat-Content Change in the North Atlantic

M. Susan Lozier, Susan Leadbetter, Richard G. Williams, Vassil Roussenov, Mark S. C. Reed, and Nathan J. Moore
Science 8 February 2008: 800-803.
Published online 3 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1146436] (in Science Express Reports)
Warming and cooling in different parts of the North Atlantic since 1950 reflects variable atmospheric circulation, complicating understanding of anthropogenic changes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Direct and Indirect Effects of Resource Quality on Food Web Structure

Tibor Bukovinszky, F. J. Frank van Veen, Yde Jongema, and Marcel Dicke
Science 8 February 2008: 804-807.
Food webs that contain either Brussels sprouts or a wild Brassica relative have surprisingly large differences in structure and complexity, extending to three trophic levels. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Biomechanical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking with Minimal User Effort

J. M. Donelan, Q. Li, V. Naing, J. A. Hoffer, D. J. Weber, and A. D. Kuo
Science 8 February 2008: 807-810.
A knee-mounted device can generate several watts of power at the end of each leg swing in a process similar to regenerative braking in hybrid cars. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Imaging by Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy

Bo Huang, Wenqin Wang, Mark Bates, and Xiaowei Zhuang
Science 8 February 2008: 810-813.
Published online 3 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1153529] (in Science Express Reports)
Three-dimensional fluorescence images of cellular structures in fixed cells are realized at 20- to 30-nanometer lateral and 50-nanometer axial resolution, without scanning. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

An Association Between the Kinship and Fertility of Human Couples

Agnar Helgason, Snæbjörn Pálsson, Daníel F. Guðbjartsson, þórður Kristjánsson, and Kári Stefánsson
Science 8 February 2008: 813-816.
The extensive genealogies of the Icelandic people show that couples who are 3rd or 4th cousins have more children and grandchildren than couples whose relationships are more or less distant. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Mutations in the Pericentrin (PCNT) Gene Cause Primordial Dwarfism

Anita Rauch, Christian T. Thiel, Detlev Schindler, Ursula Wick, Yanick J. Crow, Arif B. Ekici, Anthonie J. van Essen, Timm O. Goecke, Lihadh Al-Gazali, Krystyna H. Chrzanowska, Christiane Zweier, Han G. Brunner, Kristin Becker, Cynthia J. Curry, Bruno Dallapiccola, Koenraad Devriendt, Arnd Dörfler, Esther Kinning, André Megarbane, Peter Meinecke, Robert K. Semple, Stephanie Spranger, Annick Toutain, Richard C. Trembath, Egbert Voss, Louise Wilson, Raoul Hennekam, Francis de Zegher, Helmuth-Günther Dörr, and André Reis
Science 8 February 2008: 816-819.
Published online 3 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151174] (in Science Express Reports)
In humans, an inherited condition with small brain size and near-normal intelligence is caused by mutations that disrupt chromosome separation during cell division. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reciprocal Binding of PARP-1 and Histone H1 at Promoters Specifies Transcriptional Outcomes

Raga Krishnakumar, Matthew J. Gamble, Kristine M. Frizzell, Jhoanna G. Berrocal, Miltiadis Kininis, and W. Lee Kraus
Science 8 February 2008: 819-821.
At certain genes regulated by the nucleosome-binding protein PARP-1, the presence of a linker histone at the promoter prevents PARP-1 binding, inhibiting gene activation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Repression of the Transcription Factor Th-POK by Runx Complexes in Cytotoxic T Cell Development

Ruka Setoguchi, Masashi Tachibana, Yoshinori Naoe, Sawako Muroi, Kaori Akiyama, Chieko Tezuka, Tsukasa Okuda, and Ichiro Taniuchi
Science 8 February 2008: 822-825.
A key cell-fate decision—to become a cytotoxic rather than a helper T cell—is controlled by repression of the helper T cell transcription factor by a second transcription factor. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Heme Export Protein Is Required for Red Blood Cell Differentiation and Iron Homeostasis

Siobán B. Keel, Raymond T. Doty, Zhantao Yang, John G. Quigley, Jing Chen, Sue Knoblaugh, Paul D. Kingsley, Ivana De Domenico, Michael B. Vaughn, Jerry Kaplan, James Palis, and Janis L. Abkowitz
Science 8 February 2008: 825-828.
A mouse cell-surface protein exports excess heme, which is toxic when free in the cytoplasm, ensuring normal red blood cell maturation and systemic iron balance. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Clustering by Passing Messages Between Data Points"

Michael J. Brusco and Hans-Friedrich Köhn
Science 8 February 2008: 726.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Response to Comment on "Clustering by Passing Messages Between Data Points"

Brendan J. Frey and Delbert Dueck
Science 8 February 2008: 726.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|