This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 29 June 2007: 1809.
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Editorial:
A New Dawn for Science in Africa

Mohamed H. A. Hassan
Science 29 June 2007: 1813.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 29 June 2007: 1814.
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Science Podcast

Science 29 June 2007: 1920.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 29 June 2007: 1920.
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News of the Week

NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION: Along With Hope, North Korean Opening Brings Hard Choices

Richard Stone
Science 29 June 2007: 1824-1825.
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EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS: Stem Cell Science Advances as Politics Stall

Constance Holden
Science 29 June 2007: 1825.
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WOMEN'S HEALTH: Seeking Clarity in Hormones' Effects on the Heart

Jennifer Couzin
Science 29 June 2007: 1826.
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GENETICS: Replacement Genome Gives Microbe New Identity

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 29 June 2007: 1827.
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U.S. BUDGET: Democratic Congress Begins to Put Its Stamp on Science

Eli Kintisch
Science 29 June 2007: 1828-1829.
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New Priorities for Climate Change Research

Eli Kintisch
Science 29 June 2007: 1828-1829.
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ScienceScope

Science 29 June 2007: 1827.
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Random Samples

Science 29 June 2007: 1821.
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Newsmakers

Science 29 June 2007: 1823.
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News Focus

PLANT SCIENCE: Seeking Agriculture's Ancient Roots

Michael Balter
Science 29 June 2007: 1830-1835.
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PLANT SCIENCE: Starch Reveals Crop Identities

Michael Balter
Science 29 June 2007: 1834.
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EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: Relative Differences: The Myth of 1%

Jon Cohen
Science 29 June 2007: 1836.
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DESALINATION: Turning Ocean Water Into Rain

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 29 June 2007: 1837-1838.
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PARTICLE PHYSICS: A Spare Magnet, a Borrowed Laser, and One Quick Shot at Glory

Adrian Cho
Science 29 June 2007: 1838-1839.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 29 June 2007: 1840.
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 In Support of Academic Freedom

Executive Committee of the International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies, Arjuna Aluwihare, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Abdallah S. Daar, François Jacob, Belita Koiller, Ida Nicolaisen, John Polanyi, Alenka Šelih, Pieter van Dijk, Edoardo Vesentini, Torsten Wiesel, and Carol Corillon
Science 29 June 2007: 1840.
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 Problems with Genome-Wide Association Studies

Daniel Shriner, Laura K. Vaughan, Miguel A. Padilla, Hemant K. Tiwari;, Scott M. Williams, Jeffrey A. Canter, Dana C. Crawford, Jason H. Moore, Marylyn D. Ritchie, and Jonathan L. Haines
Science 29 June 2007: 1840-1842.
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 What Makes a Book a Work of Science?

Martinez Hewlett; and Michael Shermer
Science 29 June 2007: 1843-1844.
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Books et al.

SUMMER READING: To While Away Some Time ...

Science 29 June 2007: 1845-1848.
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Books Received

Science 29 June 2007: 1848.
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Education Forum

COLLABORATIONS: Empowering Green Chemists in Ethiopia

Nigist Asfaw, Peter Licence, Temechegn Engida, and Martyn Poliakoff
Science 29 June 2007: 1849-1850.
Published online 21 June 2007 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1144439] (in Science Express Education Forum)
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Perspectives

EVOLUTION: Tantalizing timeless

William Bradshaw and Christina Holzapfel
Science 29 June 2007: 1851-1852.
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ASTRONOMY: Inside a Cosmic Train Wreck

Paolo Coppi
Science 29 June 2007: 1852-1854.
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GENETICS: Evolutionary Insights from Sponges

Michael W. Taylor, Robert W. Thacker, and Ute Hentschel
Science 29 June 2007: 1854-1855.
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AIDS/HIV: A Reversal of Fortune in HIV-1 Integration

Alan Engelman
Science 29 June 2007: 1855-1857.
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CHEMISTRY: Rhythm Engineering

William L. Kath and Julio M. Ottino
Science 29 June 2007: 1857-1858.
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BEHAVIOR: A Narrow Road to Cooperation

Robert Boyd and Sarah Mathew
Science 29 June 2007: 1858-1859.
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Association Affairs

AAAS News and Notes

Science 29 June 2007: 1861.
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Reviews

Genome Plasticity a Key Factor in the Success of Polyploid Wheat Under Domestication

Jorge Dubcovsky and Jan Dvorak
Science 29 June 2007: 1862-1866.
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Domesticated Nature: Shaping Landscapes and Ecosystems for Human Welfare

Peter Kareiva, Sean Watts, Robert McDonald, and Tim Boucher
Science 29 June 2007: 1866-1869.
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Brevia

Nitrite, an Electron Donor for Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Benjamin M. Griffin, Joachim Schott, and Bernhard Schink
Science 29 June 2007: 1870.
A purple sulfur bacterium that grows in the absence of oxygen uses nitrite as an electron donor for photosynthesis, forming a nitrate product. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Non-Fermi Liquid Metal Without Quantum Criticality

C. Pfleiderer, P. Böni, T. Keller, U. K. Rößler, and A. Rosch
Science 29 June 2007: 1871-1874.
Changes in the thermodynamic properties of MnSi at low temperature and high pressure indicate a new metallic phase rather than proximity to a quantum critical point. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Rapid Formation of Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Galaxy Mergers with Gas

L. Mayer, S. Kazantzidis, P. Madau, M. Colpi, T. Quinn, and J. Wadsley
Science 29 June 2007: 1874-1877.
Published online 7 June 2007 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1141858] (in Science Express Reports)
Simulations demonstrate that drag by the surrounding gas, rather than by nearby stars, slows galactic black hole pairs enough for them to coalesce within 1 million years. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Locating the Two Black Holes in NGC 6240

Claire E. Max, Gabriela Canalizo, and Willem H. de Vries
Science 29 June 2007: 1877-1880.
Published online 17 May 2007 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1136205] (in Science Express Reports)
Adaptive optics are used to pinpoint the positions of two black holes in the collision zone between two merging galaxies. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Body-Centered Cubic Iron-Nickel Alloy in Earth's Core

L. Dubrovinsky, N. Dubrovinskaia, O. Narygina, I. Kantor, A. Kuznetzov, V. B. Prakapenka, L. Vitos, B. Johansson, A. S. Mikhaylushkin, S. I. Simak, and I. A. Abrikosov
Science 29 June 2007: 1880-1883.
Experiments simulating conditions at the Earth's core show that iron nickel alloy adopts a body-centered cubic, rather than close-packed, structure above 225 gigapascals and 3400 kelvin. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reversible Control of Hydrogenation of a Single Molecule

Satoshi Katano, Yousoo Kim, Masafumi Hori, Michael Trenary, and Maki Kawai
Science 29 June 2007: 1883-1886.
A scanning tunneling microscope is used to dehydrogenate the N-H bonds, but not the C-H bonds, of an organic molecule adsorbed on a metal surface. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Engineering Complex Dynamical Structures: Sequential Patterns and Desynchronization

István Z. Kiss, Craig G. Rusin, Hiroshi Kori, and John L. Hudson
Science 29 June 2007: 1886-1889.
Published online 24 May 2007 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1140858] (in Science Express Reports)
Weak, nonlinear delayed feedback among up to 64 simple electrochemical oscillators can switch them between unstable states or desynchronize all of them. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru

Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams
Science 29 June 2007: 1890-1893.
In the Peruvian Andes, agriculture began at high altitudes by about 10,000 years ago, and subsequently peanuts, squash, and cotton were farmed near large settlements. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Sponge Paleogenomics Reveals an Ancient Role for Carbonic Anhydrase in Skeletogenesis

Daniel J. Jackson, Luciana Macis, Joachim Reitner, Bernard M. Degnan, and Gert Wörheide
Science 29 June 2007: 1893-1895.
Published online 31 May 2007 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1141560] (in Science Express Reports)
Analysis of an extant but evolutionarily ancient reef-building sponge shows how, through duplication, one early gene gave rise to later genes for calcification. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Natural Selection Favors a Newly Derived timeless Allele in Drosophila melanogaster

Eran Tauber, Mauro Zordan, Federica Sandrelli, Mirko Pegoraro, Nicolò Osterwalder, Carlo Breda, Andrea Daga, Alessandro Selmin, Karen Monger, Clara Benna, Ezio Rosato, Charalambos P. Kyriacou, and Rodolfo Costa
Science 29 June 2007: 1895-1898.
A recent variant of a circadian clock gene may alter diapause timing in wild European Drosophila, and selection may explain its north-south distribution. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Molecular Basis for Natural Selection at the timeless Locus in Drosophila melanogaster

Federica Sandrelli, Eran Tauber, Mirko Pegoraro, Gabriella Mazzotta, Paola Cisotto, Johannes Landskron, Ralf Stanewsky, Alberto Piccin, Ezio Rosato, Mauro Zordan, Rodolfo Costa, and Charalambos P. Kyriacou
Science 29 June 2007: 1898-1900.
A recent variant of a circadian clock gene may alter diapause timing in wild European Drosophila, and selection may explain its north-south distribution. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Dopamine-Mushroom Body Circuit Regulates Saliency-Based Decision-Making in Drosophila

Ke Zhang, Jian Zeng Guo, Yueqing Peng, Wang Xi, and Aike Guo
Science 29 June 2007: 1901-1904.
Drosophila require dopamine neurons within a memory-related area of the brain to make nuanced choices between similar stimuli. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Via Freedom to Coercion: The Emergence of Costly Punishment

Christoph Hauert, Arne Traulsen, Hannelore Brandt, Martin A. Nowak, and Karl Sigmund
Science 29 June 2007: 1905-1907.
Paradoxically, a stable model of a cooperative society in which noncooperators are punished emerges if individuals have the freedom to abstain from participation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Parallels Between Cytokinesis and Retroviral Budding: A Role for the ESCRT Machinery

Jez G. Carlton and Juan Martin-Serrano
Science 29 June 2007: 1908-1912.
Published online 7 June 2007 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1143422] (in Science Express Reports)
Cytokinesis, the process by which daughter cells are physically separated during cell division, uses the same machinery as viruses such as HIV use to bud from infected cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase

Indrani Sarkar, Ilona Hauber, Joachim Hauber, and Frank Buchholz
Science 29 June 2007: 1912-1915.
Test-tube protein evolution was used to design a recombinase enzyme that can excise HIV sequences after they have been integrated into the DNA of the host cell. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Restriction of DNA Replication to the Reductive Phase of the Metabolic Cycle Protects Genome Integrity

Zheng Chen, Elizabeth A. Odstrcil, Benjamin P. Tu, and Steven L. McKnight
Science 29 June 2007: 1916-1919.
Yeast cells in alternating respiratory and glycolytic phases synthesize new DNA and divide only during glycolysis, avoiding high mutation rates that characterize respiration. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "The Spatial Extent of 20th-Century Warmth in the Context of the Past 1200 Years"

Gerd Bürger
Science 29 June 2007: 1844.
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Response to Comment on "The Spatial Extent of 20th-Century Warmth in the Context of the Past 1200 Years"

Timothy J. Osborn and Keith R. Briffa
Science 29 June 2007: 1844.
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