Breakthrough of the Year

News

BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: The Poincaré Conjecture--Proved

Dana Mackenzie
Science 22 December 2006: 1848-1849.
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BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: The Runners-Up

Science 22 December 2006: 1850-1855.
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BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Scorecard 2006

Science 22 December 2006: 1850-1851.
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BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: BREAKDOWN OF THE YEAR: Scientific Fraud

Jennifer Couzin
Science 22 December 2006: 1853.
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BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Areas to Watch in 2007

Science 22 December 2006: 1854-1855.
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This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 22 December 2006: 1837.
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Editorial:
Breakthrough of the Year

Donald Kennedy
Science 22 December 2006: 1841.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 22 December 2006: 1842.
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Science Podcast

Science 22 December 2006: 1945.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 22 December 2006: 1945.
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News of the Week

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: A Scientist's Nightmare: Software Problem Leads to Five Retractions

Greg Miller
Science 22 December 2006: 1856-1857.
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U.S. OCEAN POLICY: Fisheries Bill Gives Bigger Role to Science--But No Money

Erik Stokstad
Science 22 December 2006: 1857.
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IMMUNOLOGY: Mouse Studies Question Importance of Toll-Like Receptors to Vaccines

Ingrid Wickelgren
Science 22 December 2006: 1859-1860.
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WILDLIFE CONSERVATION: River Dolphins Down for the Count, and Perhaps Out

Jerry Guo
Science 22 December 2006: 1860.
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ENVIRONMENT: Spain's Prestige Oil Spill Resurfaces

Xavier Bosch
Science 22 December 2006: 1861.
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ARCHAEOLOGY: Researchers Helpless as Bosnian Pyramid Bandwagon Gathers Pace

John Bohannon
Science 22 December 2006: 1862.
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2007 U.S. BUDGET: NIH Trims Award Size as Spending Crunch Looms

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 22 December 2006: 1862.
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NONPROLIFERATION: Indo-U.S. Nuclear Pact in Jeopardy

Pallava Bagla
Science 22 December 2006: 1863.
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AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR CELL BIOLOGY MEETING: A Gut Germ Goes AWOL

Mitch Leslie
Science 22 December 2006: 1865.
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AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR CELL BIOLOGY: Sprayed-on Growth Factors Guide Stem Cells

Mitch Leslie
Science 22 December 2006: 1865.
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ScienceScope

Science 22 December 2006: 1859.
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Random Samples

Science 22 December 2006: 1845.
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Newsmakers

Science 22 December 2006: 1847.
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News Focus

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: Don't Pretty Up That Picture Just Yet

Jennifer Couzin
Science 22 December 2006: 1866-1868.
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DATA STORAGE: Is the Terabit Within Reach?

Robert F. Service
Science 22 December 2006: 1868-1870.
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BRUCE LAHN PROFILE: Brain Man Makes Waves With Claims of Recent Human Evolution

Michael Balter
Science 22 December 2006: 1871-1873.
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BRUCE LAHN PROFILE: Links Between Brain Genes, Evolution, and Cognition Challenged

Michael Balter
Science 22 December 2006: 1872.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 22 December 2006: 1875.
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 Retraction

Geoffrey Chang, Christopher B. Roth, Christopher L. Reyes, Owen Pornillos, Yen-Ju Chen, and Andy P. Chen
Science 22 December 2006: 1875.
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 Aquaculture in Offshore Zones

Clifford A. Goudey;, Warren R. Flint;, and Rosamond L. Naylor
Science 22 December 2006: 1875-1876.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 22 December 2006: 1877.
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Books et al.

MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY: Master Class in Evolutionary Modeling

Steven A. Frank
Science 22 December 2006: 1878-1879.
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HEALTH, GENES, & ENVIRONMENT: Prosperous People, Penurious Genes

Steve Jones
Science 22 December 2006: 1879.
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Books Received

Science 22 December 2006: 1879.
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Education Forum

INQUIRY LEARNING: Teaching Scientific Inquiry

David I. Hanauer, Deborah Jacobs-Sera, Marisa L. Pedulla, Steven G. Cresawn, Roger W. Hendrix, and Graham F. Hatfull
Science 22 December 2006: 1880-1881.
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Perspectives

BIOCHEMISTRY: Proteins in a Small World

Todd O. Yeates and Morgan Beeby
Science 22 December 2006: 1882-1883.
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EVOLUTION: The Origin of Insects

Henrik Glenner, Philip Francis Thomsen, Martin Bay Hebsgaard, Martin Vinther Sorensen, and Eske Willerslev
Science 22 December 2006: 1883-1884.
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EPIDEMIOLOGY: Influenza Escapes Immunity Along Neutral Networks

Erik van Nimwegen
Science 22 December 2006: 1884-1886.
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BIOCHEMISTRY: If the RNA Fits, Use It

Tracey A. Rouault
Science 22 December 2006: 1886-1887.
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EARTH SCIENCE: A Submarine Volcano Is Caught in the Act

William W. Chadwick Jr.
Science 22 December 2006: 1887-1888.
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PHYSICS: Gaps and Our Understanding

A. J. Millis
Science 22 December 2006: 1888-1889.
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Association Affairs

AAAS News and Notes

Science 22 December 2006: 1890-1891.
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Brevia

Ancient Noncoding Elements Conserved in the Human Genome

Byrappa Venkatesh, Ewen F. Kirkness, Yong-Hwee Loh, Aaron L. Halpern, Alison P. Lee, Justin Johnson, Nidhi Dandona, Lakshmi D. Viswanathan, Alice Tay, J. Craig Venter, Robert L. Strausberg, and Sydney Brenner
Science 22 December 2006: 1892.
A whole-genome comparison between human and a cartilaginous fish that occupies a basal phylogenetic position reveals conserved noncoding elements not seen in the bony fishes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Untemplated Oligoadenylation Promotes Degradation of RISC-Cleaved Transcripts

Fadia Ibrahim, Jennifer Rohr, Won-Joong Jeong, Jennifer Hesson, and Heriberto Cerutti
Science 22 December 2006: 1893.
In an algal species, a polyadenylate polymerase adds adenines to RNA fragments, stimulating RNA degradation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

The Heartbeat of the Oligocene Climate System

Heiko Pälike, Richard D. Norris, Jens O. Herrle, Paul A. Wilson, Helen K. Coxall, Caroline H. Lear, Nicholas J. Shackleton, Aradhna K. Tripati, and Bridget S. Wade
Science 22 December 2006: 1894-1898.
Marine sediments from 34 to 21 million years ago reveal an intricate response to orbital forcing on the part of Earth's climate, carbon cycle, and ice sheets. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Epochal Evolution Shapes the Phylodynamics of Interpandemic Influenza A (H3N2) in Humans

Katia Koelle, Sarah Cobey, Bryan Grenfell, and Mercedes Pascual
Science 22 December 2006: 1898-1903.
An epidemiological model that allows for differences between influenza's genetic and antigenic properties accurately predicts actual patterns of flu infection. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Structure of Dual Function Iron Regulatory Protein 1 Complexed with Ferritin IRE-RNA

William E. Walden, Anna I. Selezneva, Jérôme Dupuy, Anne Volbeda, Juan C. Fontecilla-Camps, Elizabeth C. Theil, and Karl Volz
Science 22 December 2006: 1903-1908.
A dual function protein switches from its compact enzymatic form to an extended RNA binding form through extensive domain rearrangements. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

A Gaseous Metal Disk Around a White Dwarf

B. T. Gänsicke, T. R. Marsh, J. Southworth, and A. Rebassa-Mansergas
Science 22 December 2006: 1908-1910.
A double-peaked emission-line profile marks a disk of enriched material orbiting a white dwarf, implying that planetary systems can form around high-mass stars. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Distinct Fermi-Momentum-Dependent Energy Gaps in Deeply Underdoped Bi2212

Kiyohisa Tanaka, W. S. Lee, D. H. Lu, A. Fujimori, T. Fujii, Risdiana, I. Terasaki, D. J. Scalapino, T. P. Devereaux, Z. Hussain, and Z.-X. Shen
Science 22 December 2006: 1910-1913.
Published online 16 November 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1133411] (in Science Express Reports)
Spectrometry on a high-temperature superconductor lacking a few of its electrons reveals that two additional energy gaps separate the pseudogap and the true superconducting gap. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Ground State of the Pseudogap in Cuprate Superconductors

T. Valla, A. V. Fedorov, Jinho Lee, J. C. Davis, and G. D. Gu
Science 22 December 2006: 1914-1916.
Published online 16 November 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1134742] (in Science Express Reports)
The existence of an energy gap in a nonsuperconducting cuprate suggests that a comparable gap in superconductors arises as electrons pair up but are not fully coherent. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Nondestructive Optical Measurements of a Single Electron Spin in a Quantum Dot

J. Berezovsky, M. H. Mikkelsen, O. Gywat, N. G. Stoltz, L. A. Coldren, and D. D. Awschalom
Science 22 December 2006: 1916-1920.
Published online 9 November 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1133862] (in Science Express Reports)
An optical technique can probe the spin state of a single electron in a quantum dot without altering it, meeting a requirement for quantum information processing. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Sea-Floor Spreading Event Captured by Seismometers

M. Tolstoy, J. P. Cowen, E. T. Baker, D. J. Fornari, K. H. Rubin, T. M. Shank, F. Waldhauser, D. R. Bohnenstiehl, D. W. Forsyth, R. C. Holmes, B. Love, M. R. Perfit, R. T. Weekly, S. A. Soule, and B. Glazer
Science 22 December 2006: 1920-1922.
Published online 23 November 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1133950] (in Science Express Reports)
Seismometers of the ocean floor revealed an increase in earthquakes for several months before an eruption of magma that formed a new sea floor along the East Pacific Rise. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Homoploid Hybrid Speciation in an Extreme Habitat

Zachariah Gompert, James A. Fordyce, Matthew L. Forister, Arthur M. Shapiro, and Chris C. Nice
Science 22 December 2006: 1923-1925.
Published online 30 November 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1135875] (in Science Express Reports)
As postulated by theory, a new species of butterfly evolved when a hybrid of two existing species became adapted to an extreme alpine environment. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Giant European Dinosaur and a New Sauropod Clade

Rafael Royo-Torres, Alberto Cobos, and Luis Alcalá
Science 22 December 2006: 1925-1927.
A giant sauropod, representing a new clade of dinosaurs, inhabited Europe in the Late Jurassic and appears to be more primitive than New World giant sauropods. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Anticipatory Reproduction and Population Growth in Seed Predators

Stan Boutin, Lucas A. Wauters, Andrew G. McAdam, Murray M. Humphries, Guido Tosi, and André A. Dhondt
Science 22 December 2006: 1928-1930.
Squirrels increase reproduction before seasonal pulses of high seed production, synchronizing population size with resource availability. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Human Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Haplotypes Modulate Protein Expression by Altering mRNA Secondary Structure

A. G. Nackley, S. A. Shabalina, I. E. Tchivileva, K. Satterfield, O. Korchynskyi, S. S. Makarov, W. Maixner, and L. Diatchenko
Science 22 December 2006: 1930-1933.
Variants of a human gene that affect pain sensitivity produce dissimilar amounts of protein because of nucleotide differences that affect mRNA secondary structure and after translation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Lineages of Acidophilic Archaea Revealed by Community Genomic Analysis

Brett J. Baker, Gene W. Tyson, Richard I. Webb, Judith Flanagan, Philip Hugenholtz, Eric E. Allen, and Jillian F. Banfield
Science 22 December 2006: 1933-1935.
Direct cloning of an unusual 16S rRNA in biofilms from acid mine drainage reveals a distinct lineage of small archaeons that may subsist on pyrite. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Adjuvant-Enhanced Antibody Responses in the Absence of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

Amanda L. Gavin, Kasper Hoebe, Bao Duong, Takayuki Ota, Christopher Martin, Bruce Beutler, and David Nemazee
Science 22 December 2006: 1936-1938.
Adjuvants added to vaccines boost responses, surprisingly, without acting through known innate immunity receptors, indicating a need for vaccine development strategies. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Relating Three-Dimensional Structures to Protein Networks Provides Evolutionary Insights

Philip M. Kim, Long J. Lu, Yu Xia, and Mark B. Gerstein
Science 22 December 2006: 1938-1941.
Proteins with many simultaneous partners tend to be conserved, whereas those with one partner at a time are more likely to vary among species. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Characterizing a Mammalian Circannual Pacemaker

Gerald A. Lincoln, Iain J. Clarke, Roelof A. Hut, and David G. Hazlerigg
Science 22 December 2006: 1941-1944.
Annual molting cycles in sheep are controlled by timing cells within the pituitary that trigger hormone secretion from adjacent cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|