This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 15 September 2006: 1537.
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Editorial:
Animal Activism: Out of Control

Donald Kennedy
Science 15 September 2006: 1541.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 15 September 2006: 1542.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 15 September 2006: 1547.
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Science Podcast

Science 15 September 2006: 1647.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 15 September 2006: 1647.
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News of the Week

NONPROLIFERATION: Endgame for the U.S.-Russian Nuclear Cities Program

Richard Stone and Eli Kintisch
Science 15 September 2006: 1550.
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ARCHAEOLOGY: Claim of Oldest New World Writing Excites Archaeologists

Andrew Lawler
Science 15 September 2006: 1551.
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ASTROPHYSICS: Space Mission to Shine a Light on Solar Flares

Dennis Normile
Science 15 September 2006: 1553.
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE: Extensively Drug-Resistant TB Gets Foothold in South Africa

Jon Cohen
Science 15 September 2006: 1554.
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SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY: Campaign Heats Up for WHO Director-General

Gretchen Vogel
Science 15 September 2006: 1554.
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INFLUENZA: Ground the Planes During a Flu Pandemic? Studies Disagree

Martin Enserink
Science 15 September 2006: 1555.
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GENOMICS: Poplar Tree Sequence Yields Genome Double Take

Erik Stokstad
Science 15 September 2006: 1556.
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ASTROPHYSICS: Pulsars' Gyrations Confirm Einstein's Theory

Adrian Cho
Science 15 September 2006: 1556-1557.
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: Mild Climate, Lack of Moderns Let Last Neandertals Linger in Gibraltar

Michael Balter
Science 15 September 2006: 1557.
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GENOMICS: Microarray Data Reproduced, But Some Concerns Remain

Jennifer Couzin
Science 15 September 2006: 1559.
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U.S. GRADUATE EDUCATION: Foreign Enrollment Rebounds After 3-Year Slump

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 15 September 2006: 1559.
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ScienceScope

Science 15 September 2006: 1553.
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Random Samples

Science 15 September 2006: 1549.
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Newsmakers

Science 15 September 2006: 1569.
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News Focus

GEOCHEMISTRY: Radiocarbon Dating's Final Frontier

Michael Balter
Science 15 September 2006: 1560-1563.
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CELL BIOLOGY: A Stressful Situation

Jean Marx
Science 15 September 2006: 1564-1566.
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INVASIVE SPECIES: The Galapagos Islands Kiss Their Goat Problem Goodbye

Jerry Guo
Science 15 September 2006: 1567.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 15 September 2006: 1571.
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 Cuts in Homeland Security Research

Francis Busta, Neville Clarke, Lynn R. Goldman, Charles Haas, Gabor Kelen, Gary Lafree, Joan Rose, and Detlof von Winterfeldt
Science 15 September 2006: 1571.
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 Public Access Success at PubMed

David C. Beebe
Science 15 September 2006: 1571-1572.
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 Support for the NIH Public Access Policy

Michael A. Rogawski and Peter Suber
Science 15 September 2006: 1572.
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 Ongoing Controversy over Debye's WWII Role

The Executive Board of Utrecht University; and Martin Enserink
Science 15 September 2006: 1572-1573.
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 Bias About Climate Change

Larry Neal
Science 15 September 2006: 1573.
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Books et al.

SOCIOLOGY: Through Art to Association in Japanese Politics

Christena Turner
Science 15 September 2006: 1575-1576.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE: Determinants of Democratization

Romain Wacziarg
Science 15 September 2006: 1576-1577.
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Books Received

Science 15 September 2006: 1577.
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Policy Forum

SOCIAL SCIENCE: Death in Darfur

John Hagan and Alberto Palloni
Science 15 September 2006: 1578-1579.
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Perspectives

CELL BIOLOGY: Enhanced: A Metabolic Push to Proliferate

Dawn L. Brasaemle
Science 15 September 2006: 1581-1582.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Titan's Polar Weather

F. M. Flasar
Science 15 September 2006: 1582-1583.
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MICROBIOLOGY: Mycobacteria's Export Strategy

Bérengère Ize and Tracy Palmer
Science 15 September 2006: 1583-1584.
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CHEMISTRY: The Organic Approach to Asymmetric Catalysis

Benjamin List and Jung Woon Yang
Science 15 September 2006: 1584-1586.
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STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY: Dynamic Visions of Enzymatic Reactions

Michele Vendruscolo and Christopher M. Dobson
Science 15 September 2006: 1586-1587.
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PHYSICS: Detecting and Controlling Electron Correlations

Markus Büttiker
Science 15 September 2006: 1587-1588.
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Review

Vesicle Formation at the Plasma Membrane and Trans-Golgi Network: The Same but Different

Mark A. McNiven and Heather M. Thompson
Science 15 September 2006: 1591-1594.
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Brevia

Near-Field Microscopy Through a SiC Superlens

Thomas Taubner, Dmitriy Korobkin, Yaroslav Urzhumov, Gennady Shvets, and Rainer Hillenbrand
Science 15 September 2006: 1595.
Combining near-field optical microscopy with superlensing allows imaging of the internal structure of manmade or biological objects at a subwavelength scale. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

The Genome of Black Cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray)

G. A. Tuskan, S. DiFazio, S. Jansson, J. Bohlmann, I. Grigoriev, U. Hellsten, N. Putnam, S. Ralph, S. Rombauts, A. Salamov, J. Schein, L. Sterck, A. Aerts, R. R. Bhalerao, R. P. Bhalerao, D. Blaudez, W. Boerjan, A. Brun, A. Brunner, V. Busov, M. Campbell, J. Carlson, M. Chalot, J. Chapman, G.-L. Chen, D. Cooper, P. M. Coutinho, J. Couturier, S. Covert, Q. Cronk, R. Cunningham, J. Davis, S. Degroeve, A. Déjardin, C. dePamphilis, J. Detter, B. Dirks, I. Dubchak, S. Duplessis, J. Ehlting, B. Ellis, K. Gendler, D. Goodstein, M. Gribskov, J. Grimwood, A. Groover, L. Gunter, B. Hamberger, B. Heinze, Y. Helariutta, B. Henrissat, D. Holligan, R. Holt, W. Huang, N. Islam-Faridi, S. Jones, M. Jones-Rhoades, R. Jorgensen, C. Joshi, J. Kangasjärvi, J. Karlsson, C. Kelleher, R. Kirkpatrick, M. Kirst, A. Kohler, U. Kalluri, F. Larimer, J. Leebens-Mack, J.-C. Leplé, P. Locascio, Y. Lou, S. Lucas, F. Martin, B. Montanini, C. Napoli, D. R. Nelson, C. Nelson, K. Nieminen, O. Nilsson, V. Pereda, G. Peter, R. Philippe, G. Pilate, A. Poliakov, J. Razumovskaya, P. Richardson, C. Rinaldi, K. Ritland, P. Rouzé, D. Ryaboy, J. Schmutz, J. Schrader, B. Segerman, H. Shin, A. Siddiqui, F. Sterky, A. Terry, C.-J. Tsai, E. Uberbacher, P. Unneberg, J. Vahala, K. Wall, S. Wessler, G. Yang, T. Yin, C. Douglas, M. Marra, G. Sandberg, Y. Van de Peer, and D. Rokhsar
Science 15 September 2006: 1596-1604.
The poplar genome was duplicated 60 to 65 million years ago, marking the emergence of this tree family, but overall has evolved more slowly than that of Arabidopsis. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Opposing Activities Protect Against Age-Onset Proteotoxicity

Ehud Cohen, Jan Bieschke, Rhonda M. Perciavalle, Jeffery W. Kelly, and Andrew Dillin
Science 15 September 2006: 1604-1610.
Published online 10 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124646] (in Science Express Research Articles)
The insulin/insulin-like receptor pathway can detoxify protein aggregates in worms engineered to express excess protein in their muscles, perhaps partly explaining its role in aging. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Oldest Writing in the New World

Ma. del Carmen Rodríguez Martínez, Ponciano Ortíz Ceballos, Michael D. Coe, Richard A. Diehl, Stephen D. Houston, Karl A. Taube, and Alfredo Delgado Calderón
Science 15 September 2006: 1610-1614.
A stone block containing unknown symbols and dating to the first millennium B.C.E. has been discovered in Veracruz, Mexico, a center of the Olmec civilization. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Probing Nanoscale Ferroelectricity by Ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy

D. A. Tenne, A. Bruchhausen, N. D. Lanzillotti-Kimura, A. Fainstein, R. S. Katiyar, A. Cantarero, A. Soukiassian, V. Vaithyanathan, J. H. Haeni, W. Tian, D. G. Schlom, K. J. Choi, D. M. Kim, C. B. Eom, H. P. Sun, X. Q. Pan, Y. L. Li, L. Q. Chen, Q. X. Jia, S. M. Nakhmanson, K. M. Rabe, and X. X. Xi
Science 15 September 2006: 1614-1616.
Ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy reveals the temperature at which thin films become ferroelectric and can guide the addition of layers to tune this transition. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Near-Threshold Inelastic Collisions Using Molecular Beams with a Tunable Velocity

Joop J. Gilijamse, Steven Hoekstra, Sebastiaan Y. T. van de Meerakker, Gerrit C. Groenenboom, and Gerard Meijer
Science 15 September 2006: 1617-1620.
Slowing down OH radicals to specific, precise velocities allows detailed study of the quantum mechanical effects on their low-energy collisions with noble gas atoms. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Evidence for a Polar Ethane Cloud on Titan

C. A. Griffith, P. Penteado, P. Rannou, R. Brown, V. Boudon, K. H. Baines, R. Clark, P. Drossart, B. Buratti, P. Nicholson, C. P. McKay, A. Coustenis, A. Negrao, and R. Jaumann
Science 15 September 2006: 1620-1622.
Cassini has detected a polar cloud on Titan that may trap ethane produced in its atmosphere, explaining the lack of liquid ethane on the surface. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Early Reactivation of European Rivers During the Last Deglaciation

Guillemette Ménot, Edouard Bard, Frauke Rostek, Johan W. H. Weijers, Ellen C. Hopmans, Stefan Schouten, and Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
Science 15 September 2006: 1623-1625.
The flow of the huge river system that drained Europe through what is now the English Channel increased abruptly and dramatically during the last deglaciation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

High Gamma Power Is Phase-Locked to Theta Oscillations in Human Neocortex

R. T. Canolty, E. Edwards, S. S. Dalal, M. Soltani, S. S. Nagarajan, H. E. Kirsch, M. S. Berger, N. M. Barbaro, and R. T. Knight
Science 15 September 2006: 1626-1628.
A characteristic, low-frequency brain wave modulates ultrahigh-frequency oscillations, thereby allowing communication among areas of the cortex that support behavior. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Caveolin-1 Is Essential for Liver Regeneration

Manuel A. Fernández, Cecilia Albor, Mercedes Ingelmo-Torres, Susan J. Nixon, Charles Ferguson, Teymuras Kurzchalia, Francesc Tebar, Carlos Enrich, Robert G. Parton, and Albert Pol
Science 15 September 2006: 1628-1632.
Mice lacking a protein that helps cells internalize other proteins and signaling molecules seem to be normal, but their livers cannot regenerate after being damaged. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

C-Terminal Signal Sequence Promotes Virulence Factor Secretion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Patricia A. DiGiuseppe Champion, Sarah A. Stanley, Matthew M. Champion, Eric J. Brown, and Jeffery S. Cox
Science 15 September 2006: 1632-1636.
The pathogen that causes tuberculosis tags proteins for processing by its unusual secretory system with an unstructured carboxyl terminal sequence. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

An Alternative Bactericidal Mechanism of Action for Lantibiotic Peptides That Target Lipid II

Hester E. Hasper, Naomi E. Kramer, James L. Smith, J. D. Hillman, Cherian Zachariah, Oscar P. Kuipers, Ben de Kruijff, and Eefjan Breukink
Science 15 September 2006: 1636-1637.
A new class of antibiotics has an unusual target–a molecule needed for bacterial cell wall synthesis-and may be especially useful against resistant microbes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Dynamic Energy Landscape of Dihydrofolate Reductase Catalysis

David D. Boehr, Dan McElheny, H. Jane Dyson, and Peter E. Wright
Science 15 September 2006: 1638-1642.
An enzyme progresses through its reaction cycle by fluctuating between the ground state and the higher-energy states of each kinetic intermediate. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Imaging Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution

Eric Betzig, George H. Patterson, Rachid Sougrat, O. Wolf Lindwasser, Scott Olenych, Juan S. Bonifacino, Michael W. Davidson, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, and Harald F. Hess
Science 15 September 2006: 1642-1645.
Published online 10 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1127344] (in Science Express Reports)
Proteins of interest can be labeled with fluorescent tags and located by photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) in thin sections and fixed cells at near-molecular resolution. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Large-Scale Sequence Analysis of Avian Influenza Isolates"

Edward C. Holmes, David J. Lipman, Dmitriy Zamarin, and Jonathan W. Yewdell
Science 15 September 2006: 1573.
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Response to Comment on "Large-Scale Sequence Analysis of Avian Influenza Isolates"

John C. Obenauer, Yiping Fan, and Clayton W. Naeve
Science 15 September 2006: 1573.
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