This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 23 June 2006: 1712.
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Editorial:
Biodiversity Research Still Grounded

Iris E. Hendriks, Carlos M. Duarte, and Carlo H. R. Heip
Science 23 June 2006: 1715.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 23 June 2006: 1717.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 23 June 2006: 1721.
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Science Podcast

Science 23 June 2006: 1813.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 23 June 2006: 1813.
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News of the Week

VOLCANOLOGY: Scientists Steal a Daring Look at Merapi's Explosive Potential

Richard Stone
Science 23 June 2006: 1724-1725.
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INFLUENZA: What Came Before 1918? Archaeovirologist Offers a First Glimpse

Martin Enserink
Science 23 June 2006: 1725.
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PSYCHOLOGY: The Value of the Stick: Punishment Was a Driver of Altruism

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 23 June 2006: 1727.
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RESEARCH ETHICS: China's Science Ministry Fires a Barrage of Measures at Misconduct

Gong Yidong and Hao Xin
Science 23 June 2006: 1728-1729.
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NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION: House Panel Tells NSF to Keep Eye on the Prize

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 23 June 2006: 1728.
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2007 NASA BUDGET: Space Scientists Score a Modest Victory in House Spending Bill

Andrew Lawler
Science 23 June 2006: 1729.
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EVOLUTION: Spider Genes and Fossils Spin Tales of the Original Worldwide Web

Erik Stokstad
Science 23 June 2006: 1730.
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SPECIES CONSERVATION: A 'Forever' Seed Bank Takes Root in the Arctic

Daniel Charles
Science 23 June 2006: 1730-1731.
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ARCHAEOLOGY: First Jewelry? Old Shell Beads Suggest Early Use of Symbols

Michael Balter
Science 23 June 2006: 1731.
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SEISMOLOGY: The Strain Builds in Southern California

Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 June 2006: 1732.
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EUROPEAN SCIENCE: E.U. Parliament Approves Funding for Human ES Cells

Gretchen Vogel
Science 23 June 2006: 1732.
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U.S. BIOETHICS: House Panel Finds Fault With How NIH Handles Tissue Samples

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 23 June 2006: 1733.
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ScienceScope

Science 23 June 2006: 1727.
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Random Samples

Science 23 June 2006: 1723.
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Newsmakers

Science 23 June 2006: 1741.
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News Focus

ANIMAL COGNITION: Social Animals Prove Their Smarts

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 23 June 2006: 1734-1738.
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ANIMAL COGNITION: Man's Best Friend(s) Reveal the Possible Roots of Social Intelligence

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 23 June 2006: 1737.
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: A Rare Meeting of the Minds

Ann Gibbons
Science 23 June 2006: 1739-1740.
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: Paleoanthropology's Unsung Hero

Ann Gibbons
Science 23 June 2006: 1740.
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Letters

 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 23 June 2006: 1478.
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This Week's Letters

Science 23 June 2006: 1743.
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 Looking at Biofuels and Bioenergy

Tommy Dalgaard, Uffe Jørgensen, Jørgen E. Olesen, Erik Steen Jensen, Erik Steen Kristensen;, David Connor, Inés Mínguez;, Thomas H. Deluca;, and Steven E. Koonin
Science 23 June 2006: 1743-1744.
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 Measuring the Efficiency of Biomass Energy

Kay R. Brower;, Brian H. Davison, Arthur J. Ragauskas, Richard Templer, Timothy J. Tschaplinski, and Jonathan R. Mielenz
Science 23 June 2006: 1744-1745.
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 Harvesting Our Meadows for Biofuel?

Michael W. Palmer; and Mark Downing
Science 23 June 2006: 1745-1746.
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 Energy Returns on Ethanol Production

Cutler J. Cleveland, Charles A. S. Hall, Robert A. Herendeen;, Nathan Hagens, Robert Costanza, Kenneth Mulder;, Lee Lynd, Nathanael Greene, Bruce Dale, Mark Laser, Dan Lashof, Michael Wang, Charles Wyman;, Robert K. Kaufmann;, Tad W. Patzek;, Alexander E. Farrell, Richard J. Plevin, Brian T. Turner, Andrew D. Jones, Michael O'Hare, and Daniel M. Kammen
Science 23 June 2006: 1746-1748.
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 Caution on Nominee to Head USGS

Karen Wayland
Science 23 June 2006: 1748.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 23 June 2006: 1748.
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Books et al.

GEOPHYSICS: Building on Shaken Ground

Iain Stewart
Science 23 June 2006: 1749.
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Books Received

Science 23 June 2006: 1749.
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Policy Forum

ECOLOGY: Enhanced: Coral Reefs and the Global Network of Marine Protected Areas

Camilo Mora, Serge Andrèfouët, Mark J. Costello, Christine Kranenburg, Audrey Rollo, John Veron, Kevin J. Gaston, and Ransom A. Myers
Science 23 June 2006: 1750-1751.
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Perspectives

TRANSCRIPTION: Gene Expression Needs a Break to Unwind Before Carrying On

Jean-François Haince, Michèle Rouleau, and Guy G. Poirier
Science 23 June 2006: 1752-1753.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Our Local Astrophysical Laboratory

Joseph A. Burns and Jeffrey N. Cuzzi
Science 23 June 2006: 1753-1755.
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CLIMATE CHANGE: Threats to Water Supplies in the Tropical Andes

Raymond S. Bradley, Mathias Vuille, Henry F. Diaz, and Walter Vergara
Science 23 June 2006: 1755-1756.
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CELL SIGNALING: A New Way to Burn Fat

Jaap G. Neels and Jerrold M. Olefsky
Science 23 June 2006: 1756-1758.
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OCEANOGRAPHY: A Direct Proxy for Oceanic Phosphorus?

Edward A. Boyle
Science 23 June 2006: 1758-1759.
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ASTRONOMY: Very Energetic γ-Rays from Microquasars and Binary Pulsars

I. F. Mirabel
Science 23 June 2006: 1759-1760.
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Brevia

Early Cretaceous Spider Web with Its Prey

Enrique Peñalver, David. A. Grimaldi, and Xavier Delclòs
Science 23 June 2006: 1761.
A spider web with entrapped wasps and a beetle within 110-million-year-old amber documents that web-spinning spiders had already evolved. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Silk Genes Support the Single Origin of Orb Webs

Jessica E. Garb, Teresa DiMauro, Victoria Vo, and Cheryl Y. Hayashi
Science 23 June 2006: 1762.
Sequence analyses of the genes for spider silk proteins show that orb-webs, which allow spiders to catch flying prey, have a single, ancient origin in the late Jurassic. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

TRB3 Links the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase COP1 to Lipid Metabolism

Ling Qi, Jose E. Heredia, Judith Y. Altarejos, Robert Screaton, Naomi Goebel, Sherry Niessen, Ian X. MacLeod, Chong Wee Liew, Rohit N. Kulkarni, James Bain, Christopher Newgard, Michael Nelson, Ronald M. Evans, John Yates, and Marc Montminy
Science 23 June 2006: 1763-1766.
A protein that regulates the degradation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, confers resistance to diet-induced obesity. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Costly Punishment Across Human Societies

Joseph Henrich, Richard McElreath, Abigail Barr, Jean Ensminger, Clark Barrett, Alexander Bolyanatz, Juan Camilo Cardenas, Michael Gurven, Edwins Gwako, Natalie Henrich, Carolyn Lesorogol, Frank Marlowe, David Tracer, and John Ziker
Science 23 June 2006: 1767-1770.
People from 15 different cultures are all willing to punish others who exhibit selfish behavior that increases societal inequity, but the extent varies widely. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Variable Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar LS I +61 303

J. Albert, E. Aliu, H. Anderhub, P. Antoranz, A. Armada, M. Asensio, C. Baixeras, J. A. Barrio, M. Bartelt, H. Bartko, D. Bastieri, S. R. Bavikadi, W. Bednarek, K. Berger, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, E. Bisesi, R. K. Bock, P. Bordas, V. Bosch-Ramon, T. Bretz, I. Britvitch, M. Camara, E. Carmona, A. Chilingarian, S. Ciprini, J. A. Coarasa, S. Commichau, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, V. Curtef, V. Danielyan, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, R. de los Reyes, B. De Lotto, E. Domingo-Santamaría, D. Dorner, M. Doro, M. Errando, M. Fagiolini, D. Ferenc, E. Fernández, R. Firpo, J. Flix, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, M. Fuchs, N. Galante, M. Garczarczyk, M. Gaug, M. Giller, F. Goebel, D. Hakobyan, M. Hayashida, T. Hengstebeck, D. Höhne, J. Hose, C. C. Hsu, P. G. Isar, P. Jacon, O. Kalekin, R. Kosyra, D. Kranich, M. Laatiaoui, A. Laille, T. Lenisa, P. Liebing, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, F. Longo, J. López, M. López, E. Lorenz, F. Lucarelli, P. Majumdar, G. Maneva, K. Mannheim, O. Mansutti, M. Mariotti, M. Martínez, K. Mase, D. Mazin, C. Merck, M. Meucci, M. Meyer, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, S. Mizobuchi, A. Moralejo, K. Nilsson, E. Oña-Wilhelmi, R. Orduña, N. Otte, I. Oya, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, M. Pasanen, D. Pascoli, F. Pauss, N. Pavel, R. Pegna, M. Persic, L. Peruzzo, A. Piccioli, M. Poller, G. Pooley, E. Prandini, A. Raymers, W. Rhode, M. Ribó, J. Rico, B. Riegel, M. Rissi, A. Robert, G. E. Romero, S. Rügamer, A. Saggion, A. Sánchez, P. Sartori, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, R. Schmitt, T. Schweizer, M. Shayduk, K. Shinozaki, S. N. Shore, N. Sidro, A. Sillanpää, D. Sobczynska, A. Stamerra, L. S. Stark, L. Takalo, P. Temnikov, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, N. Tonello, A. Torres, D. F. Torres, N. Turini, H. Vankov, V. Vitale, R. M. Wagner, T. Wibig, W. Wittek, R. Zanin, and J. Zapatero
Science 23 June 2006: 1771-1773.
Published online 18 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128177] (in Science Express Reports)
The motion of two co-orbiting stars modulates their emission of very-high-energy gamma rays such that the highest emissions occur when the stars are not closest together. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Spiral Structure of the Outer Milky Way in Hydrogen

E. S. Levine, Leo Blitz, and Carl Heiles
Science 23 June 2006: 1773-1777.
Published online 1 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128455] (in Science Express Reports)
Imaging the distribution and density of atomic hydrogen in the Milky Way shows that our Galaxy forms a multiarmed spiral that is not symmetric about its axis. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Optical Conformal Mapping

Ulf Leonhardt
Science 23 June 2006: 1777-1780.
Published online 25 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126493] (in Science Express Reports)
In theory, the tunable dielectric and magnetic properties of metamaterials could be used in stealth technologies to pass light completely around an object and cloak it from view. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Controlling Electromagnetic Fields

J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith
Science 23 June 2006: 1780-1782.
Published online 25 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125907] (in Science Express Reports)
The tunable dielectric and magnetic properties of metamaterials could be used in stealth technologies to cloak an object from view. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Nanoassembly of a Fractal Polymer: A Molecular "Sierpinski Hexagonal Gasket"

George R. Newkome, Pingshan Wang, Charles N. Moorefield, Tae Joon Cho, Prabhu P. Mohapatra, Sinan Li, Seok-Ho Hwang, Olena Lukoyanova, Luis Echegoyen, Judith A. Palagallo, Violeta Iancu, and Saw-Wai Hla
Science 23 June 2006: 1782-1785.
Published online 11 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125894] (in Science Express Reports)
Ligands with twofold and threefold symmetry, joined by iron and ruthenium ions, self-assemble to form 10-nanometer hexagons that in turn assemble into increasingly larger hexagons. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria

Marian Vanhaeren, Francesco d'Errico, Chris Stringer, Sarah L. James, Jonathan A. Todd, and Henk K. Mienis
Science 23 June 2006: 1785-1788.
A few drilled sea shells from two inland sites imply that humans developed ornamentation, a form of symbolic behavior, by about 100,000 years ago. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Phosphorus in Cold-Water Corals as a Proxy for Seawater Nutrient Chemistry

Paolo Montagna, Malcolm McCulloch, Marco Taviani, Claudio Mazzoli, and Begoña Vendrell
Science 23 June 2006: 1788-1791.
A cold-water coral takes up phosphorus in an amount proportional to its concentration in local seawater, making it a potential archive of past ocean productivity. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Structure of an Infectious P22 Virion Shows the Signal for Headful DNA Packaging

Gabriel C. Lander, Liang Tang, Sherwood R. Casjens, Eddie B. Gilcrease, Peter Prevelige, Anton Poliakov, Clinton S. Potter, Bridget Carragher, and John E. Johnson
Science 23 June 2006: 1791-1795.
Published online 18 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1127981] (in Science Express Reports)
During assembly of an infectious virus, DNAis packed into the viral head through a protein portal; when the head is full, pressure on the portal causes it to close. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Metagenomic Analysis of Coastal RNA Virus Communities

Alexander I. Culley, Andrew S. Lang, and Curtis A. Suttle
Science 23 June 2006: 1795-1798.
Previously unknown RNA viruses are abundant in coastal marine ecosystems; a few dominant species probably infect protists and plants. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Topoisomerase IIß-Mediated dsDNA Break Required for Regulated Transcription

Bong-Gun Ju, Victoria V. Lunyak, Valentina Perissi, Ivan Garcia-Bassets, David W. Rose, Christopher K. Glass, and Michael G. Rosenfeld
Science 23 June 2006: 1798-1802.
Estrogen-initiated gene transcription involves enzymatically driven DNA cleavage, repair, and local reconfiguration of chromatin. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Muscle Protein Dok-7 Is Essential for Neuromuscular Synaptogenesis

Kumiko Okada, Akane Inoue, Momoko Okada, Yoji Murata, Shigeru Kakuta, Takafumi Jigami, Sachiko Kubo, Hirokazu Shiraishi, Katsumi Eguchi, Masakatsu Motomura, Tetsu Akiyama, Yoichiro Iwakura, Osamu Higuchi, and Yuji Yamanashi
Science 23 June 2006: 1802-1805.
A newly described protein is required for normal formation of the neuromuscular junction, where it binds to a signaling protein and causes receptor clustering. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Depletion, Degradation, and Recovery Potential of Estuaries and Coastal Seas

Heike K. Lotze, Hunter S. Lenihan, Bruce J. Bourque, Roger H. Bradbury, Richard G. Cooke, Matthew C. Kay, Susan M. Kidwell, Michael X. Kirby, Charles H. Peterson, and Jeremy B. C. Jackson
Science 23 June 2006: 1806-1809.
Historical data show that human impacts on coastal environments have been similar across the globe, even in quite different ecosystems. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

JETLAG Resets the Drosophila Circadian Clock by Promoting Light-Induced Degradation of TIMELESS

Kyunghee Koh, Xiangzhong Zheng, and Amita Sehgal
Science 23 June 2006: 1809-1812.
A light pulse changes the phase of the Drosophila circadian clock by activating a protein that marks a clock component for rapid degradation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Nature of Phosphorus Limitation in the Ultraoligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean"

Michelle S. Hale and Richard B. Rivkin
Science 23 June 2006: 1748.
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Response to Comment on "Nature of Phosphorus Limitation in the Ultraoligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean"

T. F. Thingstad, C. S. Law, M. D. Krom, R. F. C. Mantoura, P. Pitta, S. Psarra, F. Rassoulzadegan, T. Tanaka, P. Wassmann, C. Wexels Riser, and T. Zohary
Science 23 June 2006: 1748.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|