This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 28 April 2006: 496.
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Editorial:
Re-Aim Blame for NIH's Hard Times

J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus
Science 28 April 2006: 499.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 28 April 2006: 500.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 28 April 2006: 505.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 28 April 2006: 601.
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News of the Week

ARCHAEOLOGY: New Carbon Dates Support Revised History of Ancient Mediterranean

Michael Balter
Science 28 April 2006: 508-509.
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STEM CELLS: Court Rules in Favor of California Stem Cell Institute

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 28 April 2006: 509.
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SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY: University Clears Chinese Biophysicist of Misconduct

Hao Xin
Science 28 April 2006: 511.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Simulation Suggests Peaceful Origin for Giant Planet's Weird Spin

Govert Schilling
Science 28 April 2006: 512-513.
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FRANCE: Chemist Claims Innocence to Spying Charge

Martin Enserink
Science 28 April 2006: 512.
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OCEANOGRAPHY: Korea and Japan Clash Over Surveys

Dennis Normile
Science 28 April 2006: 513.
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GENETICS: Parasite-Resistant Mosquitoes: A Natural Weapon Against Malaria?

Martin Enserink
Science 28 April 2006: 514.
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BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: Bone Disease Gene Finally Found

Jennifer Couzin
Science 28 April 2006: 514-515.
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MICROBIOLOGY: Environmentally Sensitive Protein Proves Key to Making Yeast Pathogenic

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 28 April 2006: 515.
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ScienceScope

Science 28 April 2006: 511.
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Random Samples

Science 28 April 2006: 507.
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Newsmakers

Science 28 April 2006: 525.
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News Focus

CELL BIOLOGY: Picking Up the Pieces After Hwang

Gretchen Vogel
Science 28 April 2006: 516-517.
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BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: Fragile X's Unwelcome Relative

Greg Miller
Science 28 April 2006: 518-521.
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BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: A Fix for Fragile X Syndrome?

Greg Miller
Science 28 April 2006: 521.
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ALICE DAUTRY PROFILE: After the Storm, New Pasteur Chief Treads Softly

Martin Enserink
Science 28 April 2006: 522-523.
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AGRICULTURE: New Disease Endangers Florida's Already-Suffering Citrus Trees

Erik Stokstad
Science 28 April 2006: 523-524.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 28 April 2006: 526.
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 Ongoing Threats to Endemic Species

J. Michael Scott and Dale D. Goble
Science 28 April 2006: 526.
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 A Scientific Supercourse

Ronald E. Laporte, Gilbert S. Omenn, Ismail Serageldin, Vinton G. Cerf, and Faina Linkov
Science 28 April 2006: 526.
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 Marine Parks Need Sharks?

Demian D. F. Chapman, Ellen K. Pikitch, Elizabeth A. Babcock;, Peter J. Mumby, Fiorenza Micheli, Craig P. Dahlgren, Steven Y. Litvin, Andrew B. Gill, Daniel R. Brumbaugh, Kenneth Broad, James N. Sanchirico, Carrie V. Kappel, Alastair R. Harborne, and Katherine E. Holmes
Science 28 April 2006: 526-528.
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 A Not-So-Abrupt Departure

Michael E. Mann and Malcolm K. Hughes
Science 28 April 2006: 528-529.
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 Mechanisms for Resistance in Soil

Stuart B. Levy;, Roger W. Pickup, and Glenn Rhodes
Science 28 April 2006: 529.
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Books et al.

EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS: Broken Cogs or Strategic Agents?

Peter Hammerstein and Edward H. Hagen
Science 28 April 2006: 530.
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ECONOMICS: Nothing Succeeds Like Failure

Sam Kean
Science 28 April 2006: 531.
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Books Received

Science 28 April 2006: 531.
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Education Forum

COMPUTER SIMULATIONS: Technological Advances in Inquiry Learning

Ton de Jong
Science 28 April 2006: 532-533.
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Perspectives

BIOPHYSICS: Lonely Voltage Sensor Seeks Protons for Permeation

Christopher Miller
Science 28 April 2006: 534-535.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Ice Among the Rocks

Alan Fitzsimmons
Science 28 April 2006: 535-536.
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ATMOSPHERE: Plant Respiration in a Warmer World

Anthony W. King, Carla A. Gunderson, Wilfred M. Post, David J. Weston, and Stan D. Wullschleger
Science 28 April 2006: 536-537.
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EVOLUTION: Enhanced: Size Does Not Matter for Mitochondrial DNA

Adam Eyre-Walker
Science 28 April 2006: 537-538.
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ASTRONOMY: Pulsar Magnetospheres and Pulsar Death

E. P. J. van den Heuvel
Science 28 April 2006: 539-540.
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NEUROSCIENCE: A Neuronal Receptor for Botulinum Toxin

Reinhard Jahn
Science 28 April 2006: 540-541.
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Association Affairs

AAAS News and Notes

Science 28 April 2006: 542.
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Review

Reefs of the Deep: The Biology and Geology of Cold-Water Coral Ecosystems

J. Murray Roberts, Andrew J. Wheeler, and André Freiwald
Science 28 April 2006: 543-547.
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Brevia

Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627-1600 B.C.

Walter L. Friedrich, Bernd Kromer, Michael Friedrich, Jan Heinemeier, Tom Pfeiffer, and Sahra Talamo
Science 28 April 2006: 548.
A buried olive tree provides a firm early date for the massive Santorini eruption, facilitating correlations among Bronze Age events throughout the Mediterranean. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

A Periodically Active Pulsar Giving Insight into Magnetospheric Physics

M. Kramer, A. G. Lyne, J. T. O'Brien, C. A. Jordan, and D. R. Lorimer
Science 28 April 2006: 549-551.
Published online 23 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124060] (in Science Express Reports)
An intermittent pulsar switches off entirely for several weeks every 30 to 40 days and slows more rapidly while on, implying that pulsar winds periodically slow its spinning. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Quantum-Dot Spin-State Preparation with Near-Unity Fidelity

Mete Atatüre, Jan Dreiser, Antonio Badolato, Alexander Högele, Khaled Karrai, and Atac Imamoglu
Science 28 April 2006: 551-553.
Published online 6 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126074] (in Science Express Reports)
Optical cooling of an electron in a quantum dot to a few millikelvin maintains the spin state with high fidelity, as needed for quantum information storage. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Optical Spectroscopy of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes of Defined Chiral Structure

Matthew Y. Sfeir, Tobias Beetz, Feng Wang, Limin Huang, X. M. Henry Huang, Mingyuan Huang, J. Hone, Stephen O'Brien, J. A. Misewich, Tony F. Heinz, Lijun Wu, Yimei Zhu, and Louis E. Brus
Science 28 April 2006: 554-556.
Electronic spectra and diffraction patterns collected simultaneously from single-walled carbon nanotubes reveal details of optical transitions not evident from bulk measurements. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Biologically Inspired Artificial Compound Eyes

Ki-Hun Jeong, Jaeyoun Kim, and Luke P. Lee
Science 28 April 2006: 557-561.
Small polymer refractive lenses connected to conical waveguides arranged about a polymer dome produce an artificial compound eye like that in many insects. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

A Population of Comets in the Main Asteroid Belt

Henry H. Hsieh and David Jewitt
Science 28 April 2006: 561-563.
Published online 23 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125150] (in Science Express Reports)
A currently small population of comets exists in the main asteroid belt, differing in origin and temperature from those in the outer solar system. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Iron-Rich Post-Perovskite and the Origin of Ultralow-Velocity Zones

Wendy L. Mao, Ho-kwang Mao, Wolfgang Sturhahn, Jiyong Zhao, Vitali B. Prakapenka, Yue Meng, Jinfu Shu, Yingwei Fei, and Russell J. Hemley
Science 28 April 2006: 564-565.
An iron-rich magnesium silicate mineral, rather than just melt as has been assumed, can account for low seismic velocities at the base of Earth’s mantle . Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-1400 B.C.

Sturt W. Manning, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Walter Kutschera, Thomas Higham, Bernd Kromer, Peter Steier, and Eva M. Wild
Science 28 April 2006: 565-569.
Radiocarbon ages from the Aegean region, along with the new age for the Santorini eruption, revise the inferred relations among Minoan, Egyptian, and Near Eastern cultures. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Population Size Does Not Influence Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity in Animals

Eric Bazin, Sylvain Glémin, and Nicolas Galtier
Science 28 April 2006: 570-572.
Mitochondrial DNA, often used as an index of population size because of its assumed evolutionary neutrality, in fact is unpredictably related to population demographics. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Proapoptotic BAX and BAK Modulate the Unfolded Protein Response by a Direct Interaction with IRE1

Claudio Hetz, Paula Bernasconi, Jill Fisher, Ann-Hwee Lee, Michael C. Bassik, Bruno Antonsson, Gabriel S. Brandt, Neal N. Iwakoshi, Anna Schinzel, Laurie H. Glimcher, and Stanley J. Korsmeyer
Science 28 April 2006: 572-576.
Two proteins that act at mitochondria to trigger cell death when cells are damaged also promote survival responses at the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are under stress. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Natural Malaria Infection in Anopheles gambiae Is Regulated by a Single Genomic Control Region

Michelle M. Riehle, Kyriacos Markianos, Oumou Niaré, Jiannong Xu, Jun Li, Abdoulaye M. Touré, Belco Podiougou, Frederick Oduol, Sory Diawara, Mouctar Diallo, Boubacar Coulibaly, Ahmed Ouatara, Leonid Kruglyak, Sékou F. Traoré, and Kenneth D. Vernick
Science 28 April 2006: 577-579.
A cluster of mosquito genes similar to innate immunity genes from other species confers resistance to the malaria parasite in a large proportion of wild mosquitoes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Autophagic Fungal Cell Death Is Necessary for Infection by the Rice Blast Fungus

Claire Veneault-Fourrey, Madhumita Barooah, Martin Egan, Gavin Wakley, and Nicholas J. Talbot
Science 28 April 2006: 580-583.
For successful infection, a serious fungal pathogen of rice builds specialized cellular structures that pierce the plant cuticle, a process that requires autophagic cell death. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Global Control of Dimorphism and Virulence in Fungi

Julie C. Nemecek, Marcel Wüthrich, and Bruce S. Klein
Science 28 April 2006: 583-588.
When fungal spores are inhaled, a regulatory receptor senses the host environment and shifts their morphology from a filamentous to a virulent yeast form. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Voltage Sensor-Domain Protein Is a Voltage-Gated Proton Channel

Mari Sasaki, Masahiro Takagi, and Yasushi Okamura
Science 28 April 2006: 589-592.
Published online 23 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122352] (in Science Express Reports)
Most of a voltage-gated protein proton channel consists of a four-transmembrane domain similar to the voltage sensor of other channels. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

SV2 Is the Protein Receptor for Botulinum Neurotoxin A

Min Dong, Felix Yeh, William H. Tepp, Camin Dean, Eric A. Johnson, Roger Janz, and Edwin R. Chapman
Science 28 April 2006: 592-596.
Published online 16 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123654] (in Science Express Reports)
One of the toxins from botulinum enters neurons by hitching a ride on proteins that are exposed when synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters and are then recycled. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Retinoid Signaling Determines Germ Cell Fate in Mice

Josephine Bowles, Deon Knight, Christopher Smith, Dagmar Wilhelm, Joy Richman, Satoru Mamiya, Kenta Yashiro, Kallayanee Chawengsaksophak, Megan J. Wilson, Janet Rossant, Hiroshi Hamada, and Peter Koopman
Science 28 April 2006: 596-600.
Published online 30 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125691] (in Science Express Reports)
The hormone retinoid triggers meiosis in the germ cells of the mouse ovary, stimulating oocyte formation; retinoid is degraded in the testis, allowing the generation of sperm. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data"

Eugene R. Wahl, David M. Ritson, and Caspar M. Ammann
Science 28 April 2006: 529.
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Response to Comment on "Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data"

Hans von Storch, Eduardo Zorita, Julie M. Jones, Fidel Gonzalez-Rouco, and Simon F. B. Tett
Science 28 April 2006: 529.
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