Breakthrough of the Year

News

BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Evolution in Action

Elizabeth Culotta and Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 23 December 2005: 1878-1879.
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BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: The Runners-Up

Science 23 December 2005: 1880-1885.
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BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Scorecard 2004

Science 23 December 2005: 1880.
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Breakdown of the Year: U.S. Particle Physics

Adrian Cho
Science 23 December 2005: 1882.
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Disasters: Searching for Lessons From a Bad Year

John Bohannon
Science 23 December 2005: 1883.
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BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Areas to Watch in 2006

Science 23 December 2005: 1885.
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This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 23 December 2005: 1865.
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Editorial:
Breakthrough of the Year

Donald Kennedy
Science 23 December 2005: 1869.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 23 December 2005: 1871.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 23 December 2005: 1877.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 23 December 2005: 1974.
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News of the Week

STEM CELLS: Cloning Researcher Says Work Is Flawed but Claims Results Stand

Dennis Normile, Gretchen Vogel, and Constance Holden
Science 23 December 2005: 1886-1887.
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ANCIENT DNA: New Methods Yield Mammoth Samples

Ann Gibbons
Science 23 December 2005: 1889.
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DRUG TESTING: Massive Trial of Celebrex Seeks to Settle Safety Concerns

Jennifer Couzin
Science 23 December 2005: 1890-1891.
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DEEP-SEA DRILLING: Scientific Drill Ship to Be Reborn

Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1890.
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U.S. SCIENCE POLICY: Bill Seeks Billions to Bolster Research

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 23 December 2005: 1891.
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CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS: Mismatched Cold Atoms Hint at a Stellar New Superfluid

Adrian Cho
Science 23 December 2005: 1892.
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IMMUNOLOGY: Jawless Fish Have Form of Adaptive Immunity

Mary Beckman
Science 23 December 2005: 1892-1893.
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SATELLITE NAVIGATION: Europe's Answer to GPS Could Be a Boon for Research

Daniel Clery
Science 23 December 2005: 1893.
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ScienceScope

Science 23 December 2005: 1889.
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Random Samples

Science 23 December 2005: 1900.
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News Focus

GENE THERAPY: Putting the Fingers On Gene Repair

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 23 December 2005: 1894-1896.
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TREE GROWTH: The Sky Is Not the Limit

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 23 December 2005: 1896-1897.
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MEETING: AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION: San Andreas Drillers Find a Strangely Weak Fault

Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1898.
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MEETING: AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION: An Early, Muddy Mars Just Right for Life

Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1898-1899.
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MEETING: AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION: Mars Saucer Mystery Baffles the Experts

Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1899.
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MEETING: AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
Snapshots From the Meeting

Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1899.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 23 December 2005: 1903.
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 Retraction

Richard A. Flavell, Leonard K. Kaczmarek, Abdallah Badou, Emile L. Boulpaep, Rooma Desai, Srisaila Basavappa, Didi Matza, You-Qing Peng, and Wajahat Z. Mehal
Science 23 December 2005: 1903.
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 Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Ian Wilmut, Michael D. West, Robert P. Lanza, John D. Gearhart, Austin Smith, Alan Colman, Alan O. Trounson, and Keith H. Campbell
Science 23 December 2005: 1903.
Published online 13 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123832] (in Science Express Letters)
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 Inka Accounting Practices

Martti Pärssinen, Jukka Kiviharju;, Gary Urton, and Carrie J. Brezine
Science 23 December 2005: 1903-1904.
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 Highlighting the STAR Collaboration

Timothy Hallman
Science 23 December 2005: 1904.
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Books et al.

BEHAVIOR: Hormones in the Middle

Ellen D. Ketterson
Science 23 December 2005: 1905-1906.
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ECONOMICS: Taxation with Representation

Thomas Piketty
Science 23 December 2005: 1906-1907.
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 Browsings

Science 23 December 2005: 1907.
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Books Received

Science 23 December 2005: 1907.
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Policy Forum

COMMUNICATION: Enhanced: Social Values and the Governance of Science

George Gaskell, Edna Einsiedel, William Hallman, Susanna Hornig Priest, Jonathan Jackson, and Johannus Olsthoorn
Science 23 December 2005: 1908-1909.
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Perspectives

EVOLUTION: Is the "Big Bang" in Animal Evolution Real?

Lars S. Jermiin, Leon Poladian, and Michael A. Charleston
Science 23 December 2005: 1910-1911.
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PHYSIOLOGY: The Tick-Tock of Aging?

Adam Antebi
Science 23 December 2005: 1911-1913.
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CHEMISTRY: Nuclear Spin Conversion in Molecules

Jon T. Hougen and Takeshi Oka
Science 23 December 2005: 1913-1914.
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GEOCHEMISTRY: A Tale of Early Earth Told in Zircons

Yuri Amelin
Science 23 December 2005: 1914-1915.
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RETROSPECTIVE: Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)

W. Wade Adams and Ray H. Baughman
Science 23 December 2005: 1916.
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Association Affairs

AAAS News and Notes

Science 23 December 2005: 1917-1918.
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Review

Appendage Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates and Implications for Regenerative Medicine

Jeremy P. Brockes and Anoop Kumar
Science 23 December 2005: 1919-1923.
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Brevia

Torus-Margo Pits Help Conifers Compete with Angiosperms

Jarmila Pittermann, John S. Sperry, Uwe G. Hacke, James K. Wheeler, and Elzard H. Sikkema
Science 23 December 2005: 1924.
The success of conifer trees is partly a result of specialized pits in the ends of water-conducting cells that allow efficient fluid transport equal to that of angiosperms. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

Radar Soundings of the Subsurface of Mars

Giovanni Picardi, Jeffrey J. Plaut, Daniela Biccari, Ornella Bombaci, Diego Calabrese, Marco Cartacci, Andrea Cicchetti, Stephen M. Clifford, Peter Edenhofer, William M. Farrell, Costanzo Federico, Alessandro Frigeri, Donald A. Gurnett, Tor Hagfors, Essam Heggy, Alain Herique, Richard L. Huff, Anton B. Ivanov, William T. K. Johnson, Rolando L. Jordan, Donald L. Kirchner, Wlodek Kofman, Carlton J. Leuschen, Erling Nielsen, Roberto Orosei, Elena Pettinelli, Roger J. Phillips, Dirk Plettemeier, Ali Safaeinili, Roberto Seu, Ellen R. Stofan, Giuliano Vannaroni, Thomas R. Watters, and Enrico Zampolini
Science 23 December 2005: 1925-1928.
Published online 30 November 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122165] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Mars Express radar data reveal that 2 kilometers of layered deposits rich in pure water ice underlie the North Polar Cap, but their weight barely deforms the underlying crust. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Radar Soundings of the Ionosphere of Mars

D. A. Gurnett, D. L. Kirchner, R. L. Huff, D. D. Morgan, A. M. Persoon, T. F. Averkamp, F. Duru, E. Nielsen, A. Safaeinili, J. J. Plaut, and G. Picardi
Science 23 December 2005: 1929-1933.
Published online 30 November 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1121868] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Radar observations from Mars Express map the bulging of the Martian ionosphere in areas where the magnetic field in Mars' crust is oriented vertically. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Animal Evolution and the Molecular Signature of Radiations Compressed in Time

Antonis Rokas, Dirk Krüger, and Sean B. Carroll
Science 23 December 2005: 1933-1938.
New sequences of 50 genes from 17 taxa successfully resolve fungal evolution, but not animal evolution, because animals evolved in a series of closely spaced steps in deep time. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Separation and Conversion Dynamics of Four Nuclear Spin Isomers of Ethylene

Zhen-Dong Sun, Kojiro Takagi, and Fusakazu Matsushima
Science 23 December 2005: 1938-1941.
Among the four discrete nuclear spin isomers of ethylene, interconversion can occur among pairs of like-symmetry, qualifying the abundances of these isomers in space. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Synthesis of Imido Analogs of the Uranyl Ion

Trevor W. Hayton, James M. Boncella, Brian L. Scott, Phillip D. Palmer, Enrique R. Batista, and P. Jeffrey Hay
Science 23 December 2005: 1941-1943.
The two oxygens that form double bonds to uranium in a common compound can be replaced with nitrogen groups, shedding light on the nature of bonding in actinide metals. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Trading Water for Carbon with Biological Carbon Sequestration

Robert B. Jackson, Esteban G. Jobbágy, Roni Avissar, Somnath Baidya Roy, Damian J. Barrett, Charles W. Cook, Kathleen A. Farley, David C. le Maitre, Bruce A. McCarl, and Brian C. Murray
Science 23 December 2005: 1944-1947.
Data and modeling imply that the use of large tree plantations to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide will tax water supplies and degrade soils in many parts of the United States. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga

T. M. Harrison, J. Blichert-Toft, W. Müller, F. Albarede, P. Holden, and S. J. Mojzsis
Science 23 December 2005: 1947-1950.
Published online 17 November 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1117926] (in Science Express Reports)
Isotopic data from more than 100 of Earth's oldest preserved minerals imply that Earth had significant continental crust by 4.3 and perhaps as early as 4.5 billion years ago. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

X-ray Structure of the EmrE Multidrug Transporter in Complex with a Substrate

Owen Pornillos, Yen-Ju Chen, Andy P. Chen, and Geoffrey Chang
Science 23 December 2005: 1950-1953.
A membrane protein that transports drugs out of bacteria is an antiparallel dimer, with asymmetry between the two subunits driving unidirectional transport. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Developmental Timing MicroRNA and Its Target Regulate Life Span in C. elegans

Michelle Boehm and Frank Slack
Science 23 December 2005: 1954-1957.
In the nematode, a known RNA regulator that synchronizes development also controls life span through an insulin signaling pathway, suggesting a biological clock for aging. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

fgf20 Is Essential for Initiating Zebrafish Fin Regeneration

Geoffrey G. Whitehead, Shinji Makino, Ching-Ling Lien, and Mark T. Keating
Science 23 December 2005: 1957-1960.
A newly described growth factor controls the earliest stages of limb regeneration in zebrafish, but does not otherwise participate in development. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Protein Synthesis upon Acute Nutrient Restriction Relies on Proteasome Function

Ramunas M. Vabulas and F. Ulrich Hartl
Science 23 December 2005: 1960-1963.
When mammalian cells are starved of amino acids, a cellular organelle, the proteasome, degrades preexisting proteins to supply the amino acids needed for protein synthesis. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Category-Specific Cortical Activity Precedes Retrieval During Memory Search

Sean M. Polyn, Vaidehi S. Natu, Jonathan D. Cohen, and Kenneth A. Norman
Science 23 December 2005: 1963-1966.
Brain activation patterns characteristic of a previously observed object can be seen seconds before subjects consciously remember that object. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Binds, S-Nitrosylates, and Activates Cyclooxygenase-2

Sangwon F. Kim, Daniel A. Huri, and Solomon H. Snyder
Science 23 December 2005: 1966-1970.
Two important enzymes that induce inflammation in mammals physically interact and augment each other's activity, providing a potential target for anti-inflammatory drugs. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Diversity and Function of Adaptive Immune Receptors in a Jawless Vertebrate

Matthew N. Alder, Igor B. Rogozin, Lakshminarayan M. Iyer, Galina V. Glazko, Max D. Cooper, and Zeev Pancer
Science 23 December 2005: 1970-1973.
Lampreys insert different sequence modules into a constant gene to generate antigen-specific lymphocyte receptors, which can protect them against infection. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|