This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 16 September 2005: 1785.
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Editorial:
Climate Equity for All

Chris Huntingford and John Gash
Science 16 September 2005: 1789.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 16 September 2005: 1790.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 16 September 2005: 1795.
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New Products

Science 16 September 2005: 1879.
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News of the Week

TEACHING EVOLUTION:
ID Goes on Trial This Month in Pennsylvania School Case

Constance Holden
Science 16 September 2005: 1796.
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:
Court Tightens Patent Rules on Gene Tags

Eli Kintisch
Science 16 September 2005: 1797-1799.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE:
Beaming to Itokawa

Richard A. Kerr
Science 16 September 2005: 1797.
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RESEARCH MISCONDUCT:
China Science Foundation Takes Action Against 60 Grantees

Gong Yidong
Science 16 September 2005: 1798-1799.
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RUSSIAN SCIENCE:
Government Offers Pay Raise, but Demands Reform

Andrey Allakhverdov and Vladimir Pokrovsky
Science 16 September 2005: 1798.
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PEDIATRIC MEDICINE:
Europe Follows U.S. in Testing Drugs for Children

Xavier Bosch
Science 16 September 2005: 1799.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE:
Another Hint of Planetary Marauders

Richard A. Kerr
Science 16 September 2005: 1800.
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BIOETHICS:
Pellegrino to Succeed Kass on U.S. Panel

Constance Holden
Science 16 September 2005: 1800.
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THEORETICAL PHYSICS:
To Escape From Quantum Weirdness, Put the Pedal to the Metal

Adrian Cho
Science 16 September 2005: 1801.
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ScienceScope

Science 16 September 2005: 1799.
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Random Samples

Science 16 September 2005: 1812.
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News Focus

SCIENCE IN IRAN:
An Islamic Science Revolution?

Richard Stone
Science 16 September 2005: 1802-1804.
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SCIENCE IN IRAN:
Attack of the Killer Jellies

Richard Stone
Science 16 September 2005: 1805-1806.
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SCIENCE IN IRAN:
The Sturgeon's Last Stand

Richard Stone
Science 16 September 2005: 1806.
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ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE:
Is Katrina a Harbinger of Still More Powerful Hurricanes?

Richard A. Kerr
Science 16 September 2005: 1807.
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HURRICANE KATRINA:
Scientists Weigh Options for Rebuilding New Orleans

John Bohannon and Martin Enserink
Science 16 September 2005: 1808-1809.
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HURRICANE KATRINA:
Questioning the 'Dutch Solution'

Martin Enserink and John Bohannon
Science 16 September 2005: 1809.
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AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY MEETING:
Safer Alternative Could Replace Widespread Contaminant

Robert F. Service
Science 16 September 2005: 1810.
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AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY MEETING:
New Techniques Aim to Thwart Terrorists

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 16 September 2005: 1810-1811.
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AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY MEETING:
New Routes Toward Practical Hydrogen?

Robert F. Service
Science 16 September 2005: 1811.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 16 September 2005: 1814.
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 A Strongly Held, But Wrong Conviction

Richard G. Pearson
Science 16 September 2005: 1814.
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 Early Uses of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker

Alex Barker
Science 16 September 2005: 1814.
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 Are Polar Bears Threatened?

Øystein Wiig
Science 16 September 2005: 1814-1815.
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 Using Words Carefully

William H. Danforth and William B. Neaves
Science 16 September 2005: 1815-1816.
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 The Slide of Education

Leonid Teytelman
Science 16 September 2005: 1816.
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 An Archaeological Dilemma

David I. Owen
Science 16 September 2005: 1816.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 16 September 2005: 1816.
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Books et al.

ASTRONOMY:
People, Stars, and Scopes

Vera Rubin
Science 16 September 2005: 1817-1818.
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GEOLOGY:
The Grand Question

John C. Schmidt
Science 16 September 2005: 1818-1819.
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Books Received

Science 16 September 2005: 1818.
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Policy Forum

CLIMATE:
Enhanced: A Madisonian Approach to Climate Policy

David G. Victor, Joshua C. House, and Sarah Joy
Science 16 September 2005: 1820-1821.
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Perspectives

STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY:
Adaptation of SARS Coronavirus to Humans

Kathryn V. Holmes
Science 16 September 2005: 1822-1823.
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CHEMISTRY:
Bridging a Gap in Actinide Chemistry

Carol J. Burns
Science 16 September 2005: 1823-1824.
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CHEMISTRY:
Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidation of Organic Chemicals with O₂

Shannon S. Stahl
Science 16 September 2005: 1824-1826.
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IMMUNOLOGY:
Insects Diversify One Molecule to Serve Two Systems

Louis Du Pasquier
Science 16 September 2005: 1826-1827.
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Brevia

Characterization of a Phytophthora Mating Hormone

Jianhua Qi, Tomoyo Asano, Masashi Jinno, Kouhei Matsui, Keisuke Atsumi, Youji Sakagami, and Makoto Ojika
Science 16 September 2005: 1828.
A mating hormone is identified for a common group of fungi that cause potato blight, among other diseases. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Suppression of Aging in Mice by the Hormone Klotho

Hiroshi Kurosu, Masaya Yamamoto, Jeremy D. Clark, Johanne V. Pastor, Animesh Nandi, Prem Gurnani, Owen P. McGuinness, Hirotaka Chikuda, Masayuki Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Iichiro Shimomura, Yoshiharu Takayama, Joachim Herz, C. Ronald Kahn, Kevin P. Rosenblatt, and Makoto Kuro-o
Science 16 September 2005: 1829-1833.
Published online 25 August 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1112766] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A fragment of a membrane protein circulating in the blood of mice increases life span when it binds to a cell surface receptor for insulin and insulin-like peptides. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Bright X-ray Flares in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows

D. N. Burrows, P. Romano, A. Falcone, S. Kobayashi, B. Zhang, A. Moretti, P. T. O'Brien, M. R. Goad, S. Campana, K. L. Page, L. Angelini, S. Barthelmy, A. P. Beardmore, M. Capalbi, G. Chincarini, J. Cummings, G. Cusumano, D. Fox, P. Giommi, J. E. Hill, J. A. Kennea, H. Krimm, V. Mangano, F. Marshall, P. Mészáros, D. C. Morris, J. A. Nousek, J. P. Osborne, C. Pagani, M. Perri, G. Tagliaferri, A. A. Wells, S. Woosley, and N. Gehrels
Science 16 September 2005: 1833-1835.
Published online 18 August 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1116168] (in Science Express Reports)
Unusually bright x-ray flares in the afterglow of two gamma-ray bursts may reflect strong shock waves in the bursts and imply that energy is released over a surprisingly long time. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Molecular Octa-Uranium Rings with Alternating Nitride and Azide Bridges

William J. Evans, Stosh A. Kozimor, and Joseph W. Ziller
Science 16 September 2005: 1835-1838.
Reaction of a uranium organometallic compound with a simple nitrogen compound yields an unusual molecule in which uranium and nitrogen atoms form a large ring. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Ultrahigh Strength in Nanocrystalline Materials Under Shock Loading

Eduardo M. Bringa, Alfredo Caro, Yinmin Wang, Maximo Victoria, James M. McNaney, Bruce A. Remington, Raymond F. Smith, Ben R. Torralva, and Helena Van Swygenhoven
Science 16 September 2005: 1838-1841.
Simulations and experiments imply that applying a high-pressure shock to nanocrystalline copper and other metals makes them stronger by altering how they deform. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Influence of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Thermohaline Circulation

Hjálmar Hátún, Anne Britt Sandø, Helge Drange, Bogi Hansen, and Heðinn Valdimarsson
Science 16 September 2005: 1841-1844.
The Atlantic is contributing more saline water to the Arctic Ocean and Nordic seas, counteracting freshwater inputs and stabilizing ocean circulation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment

P. J. Webster, G. J. Holland, J. A. Curry, and H.-R. Chang
Science 16 September 2005: 1844-1846.
The proportion of hurricanes at the highest intensities has increased markedly worldwide during the past 35 years, although the overall number has remained the same. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Origin of Planetary Impactors in the Inner Solar System

Robert G. Strom, Renu Malhotra, Takashi Ito, Fumi Yoshida, and David A. Kring
Science 16 September 2005: 1847-1850.
The sizes of impact craters imply that the inner planets were struck by asteroids from the main asteroid belt before 3.8 billion years ago and later from near-Earth asteroids. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Parallel Patterns of Evolution in the Genomes and Transcriptomes of Humans and Chimpanzees

Philipp Khaitovich, Ines Hellmann, Wolfgang Enard, Katja Nowick, Marcus Leinweber, Henriette Franz, Gunter Weiss, Michael Lachmann, and Svante Pääbo
Science 16 September 2005: 1850-1854.
Published online 1 September 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1108296] (in Science Express Reports)
Similar genes are expressed in many organs of the chimp and human; those expressed in the testes have evolved considerably in both species, as have those expressed in the human brain. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Achieving Stability of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced NF-B Activation

Markus W. Covert, Thomas H. Leung, Jahlionais E. Gaston, and David Baltimore
Science 16 September 2005: 1854-1857.
Modeling and experiments show how a key transcription factor uses biochemical feedback in two separate pathways to trigger either sustained or transient inflammation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Stimulus Specificity of Gene Expression Programs Determined by Temporal Control of IKK Activity

Shannon L. Werner, Derren Barken, and Alexander Hoffmann
Science 16 September 2005: 1857-1861.
Modeling and experiments show how a key transcription factor uses biochemical feedback in two separate pathways to trigger either sustained or transient inflammation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

HST2 Mediates SIR2-Independent Life-Span Extension by Calorie Restriction

Dudley W. Lamming, Magda Latorre-Esteves, Oliver Medvedik, Stacy N. Wong, Felicia A. Tsang, Chen Wang, Su-Ju Lin, and David A. Sinclair
Science 16 September 2005: 1861-1864.
Published online 28 July 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1113611] (in Science Express Reports)
Two members of a protein family that stabilizes the repetitive genes encoding ribosomal RNA enable rodents to live longer when fed a low-calorie diet. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor

Fang Li, Wenhui Li, Michael Farzan, and Stephen C. Harrison
Science 16 September 2005: 1864-1868.
Details of the interaction of the SARS virus with its host receptor show how changes in a few amino acids can facilitate infection from species to species and among humans. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Toward High-Resolution de Novo Structure Prediction for Small Proteins

Philip Bradley, Kira M. S. Misura, and David Baker
Science 16 September 2005: 1868-1871.
The structure of small proteins can now be predicted accurately starting with estimates of likely structures and a realistic all-atom free-energy function. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Azathioprine and UVA Light Generate Mutagenic Oxidative DNA Damage

Peter O'Donovan, Conal M. Perrett, Xiaohong Zhang, Beatriz Montaner, Yao-Zhong Xu, Catherine A. Harwood, Jane M. McGregor, Susan L. Walker, Fumio Hanaoka, and Peter Karran
Science 16 September 2005: 1871-1874.
An immunosuppressant drug given to organ transplant recipients enhances mutations attributed to ultraviolet light, possibly explaining their high rates of skin cancer. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Extensive Diversity of Ig-Superfamily Proteins in the Immune System of Insects

Fiona L. Watson, Roland Püttmann-Holgado, Franziska Thomas, David L. Lamar, Michael Hughes, Masahiro Kondo, Vivienne I. Rebel, and Dietmar Schmucker
Science 16 September 2005: 1874-1878.
Published online 18 August 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1116887] (in Science Express Reports)
Unexpectedly, insects have an alternatively spliced gene that codes for 19,000 protein isoforms that may provide immune protection against diverse pathogens. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|