This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 22 July 2005: 532.
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Editorial:
Misusing the Nazi Analogy

Arthur L. Caplan
Science 22 July 2005: 535.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 22 July 2005: 536.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 22 July 2005: 539.
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New Products

Science 22 July 2005: 634.
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News of the Week

HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT:
NASA May Cut Shuttle Flights and Reduce Science on Station

Andrew Lawler
Science 22 July 2005: 540-541.
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IMMUNOLOGY:
New Virtual Center Aims to Speed AIDS Vaccine Progress

Jon Cohen
Science 22 July 2005: 541.
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U.K. SCIENCE POLICY:
Parliamentary Gadfly Loses His Post

Eliot Marshall
Science 22 July 2005: 542.
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ITALIAN SCIENCE:
Carlo Rubbia Dismissed From Energy Agency

Susan Biggin
Science 22 July 2005: 542.
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SCIENCE AND LAW:
Flawed Statistics in Murder Trial May Cost Expert His Medical License

Eliot Marshall
Science 22 July 2005: 543.
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UNESCO:
U.S. Rules Could Muffle Scientific Voices

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 22 July 2005: 544.
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ANTITERRORISM:
Defense Rules Would Pinch Foreign-Born Scientists

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 22 July 2005: 544.
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NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH:
Bill Could Restructure Agency and Strengthen Director's Hand

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 22 July 2005: 545.
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ECOLOGY:
Global Analyses Reveal Mammals Facing Risk of Extinction

Erik Stokstad
Science 22 July 2005: 546-547.
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
Forty-Four Researchers Broke NIH Consulting Rules

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 22 July 2005: 546.
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RESEARCH FUNDING:
France Hatches 67 California Wannabes

Martin Enserink
Science 22 July 2005: 547.
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ScienceScope

Science 22 July 2005: 543.
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Random Samples

Science 22 July 2005: 554.
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News Focus

SOLAR ENERGY:
Is It Time to Shoot for the Sun?

Robert F. Service
Science 22 July 2005: 548-551.
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SOLAR ENERGY:
Solar Report Sets the Agenda

Robert F. Service
Science 22 July 2005: 549.
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REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY:
A Powerful First KiSS-1

Gretchen Vogel
Science 22 July 2005: 551-552.
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ASTRONOMY:
Europe Joins Forces in Push for Monster Scope Project

Govert Schilling
Science 22 July 2005: 553.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 22 July 2005: 556.
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 The Origins of Olmec Civilization

Betty J. Meggers; and Jeffrey P. Blomster
Science 22 July 2005: 556.
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 "Intelligent" Design versus Evolution

Donald U. Wise
Science 22 July 2005: 556-557.
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 Issues in Indian Science

Vinayak Sinha;, Sujatha Byravan;, and Raghunath A. Mashelkar
Science 22 July 2005: 557-558.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 22 July 2005: 558.
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Books et al.

EVOLUTION:
Of Whale Knuckles and Placental Trees

Christian de Muizon
Science 22 July 2005: 559-560.
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EVOLUTION AND RELIGION:
Seeing Similarities

Sahotra Sarkar
Science 22 July 2005: 560.
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Books Received

Science 22 July 2005: 560.
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Policy Forum

ECOLOGY:
Enhanced: North Atlantic Right Whales in Crisis

Scott D. Kraus, Moira W. Brown, Hal Caswell, Christopher W. Clark, Masami Fujiwara, Philip K. Hamilton, Robert D. Kenney, Amy R. Knowlton, Scott Landry, Charles A. Mayo, William A. McLellan, Michael J. Moore, Douglas P. Nowacek, D. Ann Pabst, Andrew J. Read, and Rosalind M. Rolland
Science 22 July 2005: 561-562.
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SUSTAINABILITY:
Millennium Assessment of Human Behavior

Paul R. Ehrlich and Donald Kennedy
Science 22 July 2005: 562-563.
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Perspectives

ASTRONOMY:
Mapping the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe

David H. Weinberg
Science 22 July 2005: 564-565.
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PHYSICS:
Fingerprinting Spin Qubits

J. Carlos Egues
Science 22 July 2005: 565-567.
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ECOLOGY:
Population Dynamics: Growing to Extremes

John D. Reynolds and Robert P. Freckleton
Science 22 July 2005: 567-568.
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NEUROSCIENCE:
Similar Is Different in Hippocampal Networks

György Buzsáki
Science 22 July 2005: 568-569.
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Review

Global Consequences of Land Use

Jonathan A. Foley, Ruth DeFries, Gregory P. Asner, Carol Barford, Gordon Bonan, Stephen R. Carpenter, F. Stuart Chapin, Michael T. Coe, Gretchen C. Daily, Holly K. Gibbs, Joseph H. Helkowski, Tracey Holloway, Erica A. Howard, Christopher J. Kucharik, Chad Monfreda, Jonathan A. Patz, I. Colin Prentice, Navin Ramankutty, and Peter K. Snyder
Science 22 July 2005: 570-574.
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Brevia

Web-Spinning Caterpillar Stalks Snails

Daniel Rubinoff and William P. Haines
Science 22 July 2005: 575.
A caterpillar discovered on Hawaii immobilizes its prey-a snail-with silk, in a spiderlike fashion, before devouring it. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

¹⁴²Nd Evidence for Early (>4.53 Ga) Global Differentiation of the Silicate Earth

M. Boyet and R. W. Carlson
Science 22 July 2005: 576-581.
Published online 16 June 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1113634] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A difference in the relative abundance of neodymium-142 in chondrite meteorites and sampled rocks on Earth implies that Earth's mantle rapidly separated into two reservoirs. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Crystal Structure of Human Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Ectodomain

Jungwoo Choe, Matthew S. Kelker, and Ian A. Wilson
Science 22 July 2005: 581-585.
Published online 16 June 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1115253] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A Toll-like receptor, which helps the immune system sense microbes, is a large horseshoe-shaped glycoprotein that may be activated when double-stranded RNA binds to its side. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Fermionic Bell-State Analyzer for Spin Qubits

Hans-Andreas Engel and Daniel Loss
Science 22 July 2005: 586-588.
A protocol that uses electron spins on a double quantum dot is proposed as a simpler and scalable route for solid state-based quantum computing. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Creating, Varying, and Growing Single-Site Molecular Contacts

Mohamed Siaj and Peter H. McBreen
Science 22 July 2005: 588-590.
Attachment of molecules to metal substrates via a double carbon bond instead of a thiol group permits additional reactions and enables templating in molecular electronics. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Formation of Catalytic Metal-Molecule Contacts

George S. Tulevski, Matt B. Myers, Mark S. Hybertsen, Michael L. Steigerwald, and Colin Nuckolls
Science 22 July 2005: 591-594.
Attachment of molecules to metal substrates via a double carbon bond instead of a thiol group permits additional reactions and enables templating in molecular electronics. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Martian Surface Paleotemperatures from Thermochronology of Meteorites

David L. Shuster and Benjamin P. Weiss
Science 22 July 2005: 594-600.
Modeling the effect of temperature on radiogenic ages of several martian meteorites implies that surface temperatures on parts of Mars have been close to 0oC for billions of years. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Genomic Sequencing of Pleistocene Cave Bears

James P. Noonan, Michael Hofreiter, Doug Smith, James R. Priest, Nadin Rohland, Gernot Rabeder, Johannes Krause, J. Chris Detter, Svante Pääbo, and Edward M. Rubin
Science 22 July 2005: 597-599.
Published online 2 June 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1113485] (in Science Express Reports)
Reliable DNA sequences were obtained from 40,000-year-old cave bear fossils by screening for contaminants using existing sequences and by comparisons with modern dog and bear genomes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Marked Decline in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations During the Paleogene

Mark Pagani, James C. Zachos, Katherine H. Freeman, Brett Tipple, and Stephen Bohaty
Science 22 July 2005: 600-603.
Published online 16 June 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1110063] (in Science Express Reports)
Atmospheric CO₂ levels fell from 1500 parts per million to modern levels of 300 parts per million from 35 to 25 million years ago, coincident with the buildup of ice in Antarctica. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Global Mammal Conservation: What Must We Manage?

Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Jorge Soberón, Irma Salazar, and John P. Fay
Science 22 July 2005: 603-607.
In order to maintain 10 percent of the ranges of existing terrestrial mammals, more than 15 percent of Earth's land must be protected, a challenge for conservation efforts. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

On the Regulation of Populations of Mammals, Birds, Fish, and Insects

Richard M. Sibly, Daniel Barker, Michael C. Denham, Jim Hone, and Mark Pagel
Science 22 July 2005: 607-610.
A survey of nearly 2000 taxa reveals, unexpectedly, that population growth is rapid at low densities but slows well before carrying capacity is reached. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Host Suppression and Stability in a Parasitoid-Host System: Experimental Demonstration

William Murdoch, Cheryl J. Briggs, and Susan Swarbrick
Science 22 July 2005: 610-613.
A model shows that stable control of red scale disease by its insect control agent depends only on the two species' life histories: fast development of the control insect and vulnerability of early scale life stages. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Dynamics of Mammalian Chromosome Evolution Inferred from Multispecies Comparative Maps

William J. Murphy, Denis M. Larkin, Annelie Everts-van der Wind, Guillaume Bourque, Glenn Tesler, Loretta Auvil, Jonathan E. Beever, Bhanu P. Chowdhary, Francis Galibert, Lisa Gatzke, Christophe Hitte, Stacey N. Meyers, Denis Milan, Elaine A. Ostrander, Greg Pape, Heidi G. Parker, Terje Raudsepp, Margarita B. Rogatcheva, Lawrence B. Schook, Loren C. Skow, Michael Welge, James E. Womack, Stephen J. O'Brien, Pavel A. Pevzner, and Harris A. Lewin
Science 22 July 2005: 613-617.
Comparison of cat, cattle, dog, pig, and horse genomes reveals an increasing rate of chromosome evolution since the Cretaceous and demonstrates repeated breakage at the same sites. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Extreme Reversed Sexual Dichromatism in a Bird Without Sex Role Reversal

Robert Heinsohn, Sarah Legge, and John A. Endler
Science 22 July 2005: 617-619.
In a parrot species, females have evolved uncharacteristically colorful plumage in response to competition, whereas the male’s drabness results from predator-avoidance selection. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Independent Codes for Spatial and Episodic Memory in Hippocampal Neuronal Ensembles

Stefan Leutgeb, Jill K. Leutgeb, Carol A. Barnes, Edvard I. Moser, Bruce L. McNaughton, and May-Britt Moser
Science 22 July 2005: 619-623.
Reconciling apparently contradictory findings, hippocampal neurons are found to code for both place and events, one by changes in firing location and the other by firing rate. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Complete Replication of Hepatitis C Virus in Cell Culture

Brett D. Lindenbach, Matthew J. Evans, Andrew J. Syder, Benno Wölk, Timothy L. Tellinghuisen, Christopher C. Liu, Toshiaki Maruyama, Richard O. Hynes, Dennis R. Burton, Jane A. McKeating, and Charles M. Rice
Science 22 July 2005: 623-626.
Published online 9 June 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1114016] (in Science Express Reports)
The complete replication cycle of the hepatitis C virus is reproduced in cell culture, an advance that will facilitate the development of antiviral drugs to treat infections. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Genome-Scale Identification of Nucleosome Positions in S. cerevisiae

Guo-Cheng Yuan, Yuen-Jong Liu, Michael F. Dion, Michael D. Slack, Lani F. Wu, Steven J. Altschuler, and Oliver J. Rando
Science 22 July 2005: 626-630.
Published online 16 June 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1112178] (in Science Express Reports)
The proteins that pack DNA into the yeast nucleus are usually found next to genes, whereas large regulatory regions, which have evolved little, are left exposed. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Plant Circadian Clocks Increase Photosynthesis, Growth, Survival, and Competitive Advantage

Antony N. Dodd, Neeraj Salathia, Anthony Hall, Eva Kévei, Réka Tóth, Ferenc Nagy, Julian M. Hibberd, Andrew J. Millar, and Alex A. R. Webb
Science 22 July 2005: 630-633.
Synchrony between a plant's intrinsic circadian clock and actual daylight cycles improves productivity and growth, perhaps accounting for the selective advantage of near-synchronous clocks. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

 Comment on "Nervy Links Protein Kinase A to Plexin-Mediated Semaphorin Repulsion"

Ryan J. Ice, Jill Wildonger, Richard S. Mann, and Scott W. Hiebert
Science 22 July 2005: 558.
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 Response to Comment on "Nervy Links Protein Kinase A to Plexin-Mediated Semaphorin Repulsion"

Jonathan R. Terman and Alex L. Kolodkin
Science 22 July 2005: 558.
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