This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 28 January 2005: 477.
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Editorial:
Math and Science Achievement

Rodger W. Bybee and Donald Kennedy
Science 28 January 2005: 481.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 28 January 2005: 483.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 28 January 2005: 491.
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 AAAS News & Notes

Science 28 January 2005: 537.

 New Products

Science 28 January 2005: 605.
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News of the Week

DIVERSITY:
Summers's Comments Draw Attention to Gender, Racial Gaps

Andrew Lawler
Science 28 January 2005: 492-493.
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VIROLOGY:
One Virus, Three Names, Three Claims

Martin Enserink
Science 28 January 2005: 493.
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CHEMISTRY:
Shape-Shifting Catalyst Lights Way to New Strategy for Detecting Chemicals

Robert F. Service
Science 28 January 2005: 495.
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CLIMATE CHANGE:
Panel Urges Unified Action, Sets 2° Target

Eli Kintisch
Science 28 January 2005: 496.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE:
Missing Noble Gases Hint How Titan Got Its Dense Atmosphere

Richard A. Kerr
Science 28 January 2005: 496.
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GREENHOUSE WARMING:
Climate Modelers See Scorching Future as a Real Possibility

Richard A. Kerr
Science 28 January 2005: 497.
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AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH:
Centers Embrace an Alliance But Remain Wary of a Merger

Dennis Normile
Science 28 January 2005: 498.
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NASA BUDGET:
Hubble, Other Programs Face Cuts in 2006

Andrew Lawler
Science 28 January 2005: 498.
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HIGHER EDUCATION:
Fundraising Begins for Network of Four African Institutes

Dennis Normile
Science 28 January 2005: 499.
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RESEARCH FUNDING:
Saudi Millionaire Plans an NSF for Arab Scientists

Richard Stone
Science 28 January 2005: 499.
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BIODEFENSE LABS:
Boston University Under Fire for Pathogen Mishap

Andrew Lawler
Science 28 January 2005: 501.
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CLIMATE CHANGE:
Scientist Quits IPCC Panel Over Comments

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 28 January 2005: 501.
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ScienceScope

Science 28 January 2005: 495.
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Random Samples

Science 28 January 2005: 511.
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News Focus

SOUTH ASIA TSUNAMI:
A Race to Beat the Odds

Richard Stone
Science 28 January 2005: 502-504.
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SOUTH ASIA TSUNAMI:
Nuke Policy Leads India to Build Own Network

Pallava Bagla
Science 28 January 2005: 503.
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SOUTH ASIA TSUNAMI:
DNA Helps Identify Missing in the Tsunami Zone

Susan Ladika
Science 28 January 2005: 504.
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EVOLUTION:
Dover Teachers Want No Part of Intelligent-Design Statement

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 28 January 2005: 505.
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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH:
Debate Continues Over Safety of Water Spiked With Rocket Fuel

Erik Stokstad
Science 28 January 2005: 507.
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AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY MEETING:
Galaxy Patterns Preserve an Imprint of the Big Bang

Robert Irion
Science 28 January 2005: 508.
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AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY MEETING:
Satellite Swiftly Catches New Bursts

Robert Irion
Science 28 January 2005: 508-509.
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AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY MEETING:
An Origin for the Fiercest Cosmic Rays?

Robert Irion
Science 28 January 2005: 509.
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AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY MEETING:
Snapshots From the Meeting

Robert Irion
Science 28 January 2005: 509.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 28 January 2005: 515.
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 Marburger Makes His Position Clear

John H. Marburger, III
Science 28 January 2005: 515.
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 The Ethics of Deriving Gametes from ES Cells

Abby Lippman, Stuart A. Newman;, Giuseppe Testa, and John Harris
Science 28 January 2005: 515-517.
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 Costs of a Rotavirus Vaccine

John Wecker
Science 28 January 2005: 517-519.
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 Preserving an Important Collection

Norton Zinder and Richard J. Roberts
Science 28 January 2005: 519.
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 Science and the Bush Administration

Jessie C. Gruman
Science 28 January 2005: 519.
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 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS

Science 28 January 2005: 519.
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Books et al.

VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY:
Hatching of an Accountable Science

Hans C. E. Larsson
Science 28 January 2005: 520.
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COMPUTING:
Learning from 100 Numbers

Gilbert Strang
Science 28 January 2005: 521-522.
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HISTORY OF SCIENCE:
Spotlight on Invisible Women

Asha Gopinathan
Science 28 January 2005: 522.
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 Books Received

Science 28 January 2005: 522.

Policy Forum

ECOLOGY:
Do the Largest Protected Areas Conserve Whales or Whalers?

Leah R. Gerber, K. David Hyrenbach, and Mark A. Zacharias
Science 28 January 2005: 525-526.
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Perspectives

EVOLUTION:
Enhanced: An Eocene Big Bang for Bats

Nancy B. Simmons
Science 28 January 2005: 527-528.
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PARASITOLOGY:
Malaria Vaccines: Back to the Future?

A. P. Waters, M. M. Mota, M. R. van Dijk, and C. J. Janse
Science 28 January 2005: 528-530.
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PHYSIOLOGY:
A NEAT Way to Control Weight?

Eric Ravussin
Science 28 January 2005: 530-531.
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PHYSICS:
How to Create a Spin Current

Prashant Sharma
Science 28 January 2005: 531-533.
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ASTRONOMY:
The Hunt for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes

Giuseppina Fabbiano
Science 28 January 2005: 533-534.
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Review

Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics

X. Michalet, F. F. Pinaud, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay, S. Doose, J. J. Li, G. Sundaresan, A. M. Wu, S. S. Gambhir, and S. Weiss
Science 28 January 2005: 538-544.
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Brevia

Marine Fish Egg Hydration Is Aquaporin-Mediated

Mercedes Fabra, Demetrio Raldúa, Deborah M. Power, Peter M. T. Deen, and Joan Cerdà
Science 28 January 2005: 545.
A water channel on the surface of fish eggs allows hydration that ensures proper buoyancy of the egg for dispersal in the ocean. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

A Giant Impact Origin of Pluto-Charon

Robin M. Canup
Science 28 January 2005: 546-550.
Charon, Pluto's moon, may have formed when Pluto received a grazing blow from another large icy body, implying that large early collisions affected the outer solar system. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Farming and the Fate of Wild Nature

Rhys E. Green, Stephen J. Cornell, Jörn P. W. Scharlemann, and Andrew Balmford
Science 28 January 2005: 550-555.
Published online 23 December 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1106049] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A model determines the consequences for wildlife of the trade-off between yield intensity of land under cultivation and amount of land under cultivation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Ammonia Synthesis from First-Principles Calculations

K. Honkala, A. Hellman, I. N. Remediakis, A. Logadottir, A. Carlsson, S. Dahl, C. H. Christensen, and J. K. Nørskov
Science 28 January 2005: 555-558.
Calculations relating the rate of ammonia synthesis to the size distribution of ruthenium catalyst nanoparticles aid in the design of this catalyst. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Dark Structures in Molecular Radiationless Transitions Determined by Ultrafast Diffraction

Ramesh Srinivasan, Jonathan S. Feenstra, Sang Tae Park, Shoujun Xu, and Ahmed H. Zewail
Science 28 January 2005: 558-563.
Published online 6 January 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1107291] (in Science Express Reports)
Electron diffraction reveals how organic molecules excited by light release energy through a series of structural changes induced by electronic and vibrational motions. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Electron Spectroscopy of Aqueous Solution Interfaces Reveals Surface Enhancement of Halides

Sutapa Ghosal, John C. Hemminger, Hendrik Bluhm, Bongjin Simon Mun, Eleonore L. D. Hebenstreit, Guido Ketteler, D. Frank Ogletree, Felix G. Requejo, and Miquel Salmeron
Science 28 January 2005: 563-566.
Halides, particularly the larger ones, become concentrated at the surface of liquid salt droplets, enhancing their reactivity in Earth's atmosphere. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Nightglow in the Upper Atmosphere of Mars and Implications for Atmospheric Transport

Jean-Loup Bertaux, François Leblanc, Séverine Perrier, E. Quemerais, Oleg Korablev, E. Dimarellis, A. Reberac, F. Forget, P. C. Simon, S. A. Stern, Bill Sandel, and the SPICAM team
Science 28 January 2005: 566-569.
Glowing, nighttime nitric oxide emissions, detected by Mars Express, track the descent of high air masses during winter above the martian south pole. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Prediction of Hydrogen Flux Through Sulfur-Tolerant Binary Alloy Membranes

Preeti Kamakoti, Bryan D. Morreale, Michael V. Ciocco, Bret H. Howard, Richard P. Killmeyer, Anthony V. Cugini, and David S. Sholl
Science 28 January 2005: 569-573.
Ab initio calculations accurately predict how hydrogen diffuses through metal alloy membranes and could improve hydrogen purification. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Micropylar Pollen Tube Guidance by Egg Apparatus 1 of Maize

Mihaela L. Márton, Simone Cordts, Jean Broadhvest, and Thomas Dresselhaus
Science 28 January 2005: 573-576.
In flowering plants, a newly identified peptide signal guides the sperm cell-containing pollen tube to the egg for fertilization. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Brief History of Seed Size

Angela T. Moles, David D. Ackerly, Campbell O. Webb, John C. Tweddle, John B. Dickie, and Mark Westoby
Science 28 January 2005: 576-580.
A comprehensive seed survey shows that the evolutionarily older gymnosperms have larger seeds than flowering plants but that larger flowering plants have larger seeds. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Molecular Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record

Emma C. Teeling, Mark S. Springer, Ole Madsen, Paul Bates, Stephen J. O'Brien, and William J. Murphy
Science 28 January 2005: 580-584.
New sequence data supplements an incomplete fossil record to predict a phylogeny for all living bats, identifying four groups of microbats and a likely origin in North America. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Interindividual Variation in Posture Allocation: Possible Role in Human Obesity

James A. Levine, Lorraine M. Lanningham-Foster, Shelly K. McCrady, Alisa C. Krizan, Leslie R. Olson, Paul H. Kane, Michael D. Jensen, and Matthew M. Clark
Science 28 January 2005: 584-586.
During their daily lives, lean people spend less time sitting than do people who are overweight, even after the former have purposefully gained weight. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Sequence-Directed DNA Translocation by Purified FtsK

Paul J. Pease, Oren Levy, Gregory J. Cost, Jeff Gore, Jerod L. Ptacin, David Sherratt, Carlos Bustamante, and Nicholas R. Cozzarelli
Science 28 January 2005: 586-590.
Individual DNA translocase molecules zip along single strands of DNA at 5 kilobases per second and reverse without dissociation upon encountering certain asymmetric sequences. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Restoration of Tolerance in Lupus by Targeted Inhibitory Receptor Expression

Tracy L. McGaha, Brian Sorrentino, and Jeffrey V. Ravetch
Science 28 January 2005: 590-593.
Simply increasing the number of inhibitory receptors on immune cells prevents mice from developing an apparently complicated autoimmune disorder similar to lupus. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Endogenous MHC Class II Processing of a Viral Nuclear Antigen After Autophagy

Casper Paludan, Dorothee Schmid, Markus Landthaler, Martina Vockerodt, Dieter Kube, Thomas Tuschl, and Christian Münz
Science 28 January 2005: 593-596.
Published online 9 December 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1104904] (in Science Express Reports)
An endogenous nuclear antigen can be presented by a pathway thought to be restricted to antigens derived from exogenous, internalized sources. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Small CTD Phosphatases Function in Silencing Neuronal Gene Expression

Michele Yeo, Soo-Kyung Lee, Bora Lee, Esmeralda C. Ruiz, Samuel L. Pfaff, and Gordon N. Gill
Science 28 January 2005: 596-600.
Cells outside the brain guard against becoming neurons by expressing an enzyme that modifies RNA polymerase in a way that prevents it from transcribing neural genes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Illumination of the Melanopsin Signaling Pathway

Satchidananda Panda, Surendra K. Nayak, Brice Campo, John R. Walker, John B. Hogenesch, and Tim Jegla
Science 28 January 2005: 600-604.
In mammals, the opsin that detects light for circadian rhythms and pupil constriction activates signaling pathways that are similar to those used in invertebrates for vision. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|