This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 10 December 2004: 1857.
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Editorial:
Extremist Tendencies

Ya-Ping Zhang and Shigang He
Science 10 December 2004: 1861.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 10 December 2004: 1862.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 10 December 2004: 1871.
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 New Products

Science 10 December 2004: 1963.
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News of the Week

MEDICINE:
New TB Drug Promises Shorter, Simpler Treatment

Jon Cohen
Science 10 December 2004: 1872.
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY:
Outlook for Cold Fusion Is Still Chilly

Charles Seife
Science 10 December 2004: 1873.
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U.S. RESEARCH POLICY:
NSF Blocked From Funding Smithsonian Scientists

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 10 December 2004: 1873.
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PERSISTENT TOXIC SUBSTANCES:
Study Finds Heavy Contamination Across Vast Russian Arctic

Paul Webster
Science 10 December 2004: 1875.
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UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION:
Tweaks to High-Tech Visas Revive NSF Scholarships

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 10 December 2004: 1876.
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U.S. SCIENCE POLICY:
Tommy Thompson Leaves a Mixed Legacy

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 10 December 2004: 1876.
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MATH AND SCIENCE EDUCATION:
Hong Kong, Finland Students Top High School Test of Applied Skills

David Grimm
Science 10 December 2004: 1877.
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NEUROPROSTHETICS:
Brain-Computer Interface Adds a New Dimension

Ingrid Wickelgren
Science 10 December 2004: 1878-1879.
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NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH:
Report Seeks Stability for Behavioral Sciences

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 10 December 2004: 1878.
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U.S. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH:
Report, Lawmaker Promote an Independent Institute

Erik Stokstad
Science 10 December 2004: 1879.
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ScienceScope

Science 10 December 2004: 1875.
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Random Samples

Science 10 December 2004: 1888.
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News Focus

ENTOMOLOGY:
Can the War on Locusts Be Won?

Martin Enserink
Science 10 December 2004: 1880-1882.
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ENTOMOLOGY:
An Insect's Extreme Makeover

Martin Enserink
Science 10 December 2004: 1881.
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CHILDREN'S HEALTH:
NIH Launches Controversial Long-Term Study of 100,000 U.S. Kids

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 10 December 2004: 1883.
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ECOSYSTEMS:
The Grand (Canyon) Experiment

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 10 December 2004: 1884-1886.
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ECOSYSTEMS:
A Cowboy Lawyer Goes Down the River

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 10 December 2004: 1885.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY:
Tracking the Dirty Byproducts of a World Trying to Stay Clean

Rebecca Renner
Science 10 December 2004: 1887.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 10 December 2004: 1890.
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 Microbicides: Anti-HIV Efficacy and Ethics

David P. Wilson, Sally M. Blower;, Zena Stein, Mervyn Susser;, Paul M. Coplan, Mark Mitchnik, and Zeda F. Rosenberg
Science 10 December 2004: 1890.
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 Neglect of Women in Science

Vera Rubin
Science 10 December 2004: 1891.
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 Null Model Trumps Accusations of Bias

Mark A. Davis
Science 10 December 2004: 1891.
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 Nuclear Material Loopholes

John Deutch and Ernest Moniz
Science 10 December 2004: 1891.
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 Fishery Management and Culling

Peter J. Corkeron;, Ellen K. Pikitch, Christine Santora, Elizabeth Babcock, Andrew Bakun, Ramon Bonfil, David Conover, Paul Dayton, Phaedra Doukakis, David Fluharty, Burr Heneman, Ed Houde, Pat Livingston, Marc Mangel, Murdoch McAllister, John Pope, and Keith Sainsbury
Science 10 December 2004: 1891-1892.
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 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS:

Science 10 December 2004: 1892.
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Books et al.

MATHEMATICS:
Parallel Worlds

Fernando Q. Gouvêa
Science 10 December 2004: 1893-1894.
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 Browsings

Science 10 December 2004: 1893.
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MATHEMATICS:
Circumferential Curiosities

Eli Maor
Science 10 December 2004: 1894.
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 Books Received

Science 10 December 2004: 1894.

Policy Forum

INFORMATION ACCESS:
NIH Public Access Policy

Elias A. Zerhouni
Science 10 December 2004: 1895.
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Perspectives

PARASITOLOGY:
The Malarial Secretome

Jude Przyborski and Michael Lanzer
Science 10 December 2004: 1897-1898.
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APPLIED PHYSICS:
Mesmerizing Semiconductors

Gerrit E. W. Bauer
Science 10 December 2004: 1898-1899.
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PHYSIOLOGY:
Enhanced: Turning on a Dime

Ulrike K. Müller and David Lentink
Science 10 December 2004: 1899-1900.
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PHYSICS:
Superconductivity in Thin Films

Tai-Chang Chiang
Science 10 December 2004: 1900-1901.
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NEUROSCIENCE:
Addiction as Compulsive Reward Prediction

Serge H. Ahmed
Science 10 December 2004: 1901-1902.
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Review

The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes

Nathan J. Emery and Nicola S. Clayton
Science 10 December 2004: 1903-1907.
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Brevia

Capuchin Stone Tool Use in Caatinga Dry Forest

A. C. de A. Moura and P. C. Lee
Science 10 December 2004: 1909.
Unlike other primates, wild capuchin monkeys use stones, not just sticks, to dig for edible roots and tubers. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Observation of the Spin Hall Effect in Semiconductors

Y. K. Kato, R. C. Myers, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom
Science 10 December 2004: 1910-1913.
Published online 11 November 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1105514] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Confirming predictions, an electron spin-induced current flows perpendicular to an electrical field applied to a semiconductor, showing that nonmagnetic materials may be useful for spintronic devices. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Reports

Transient Interface Sharpening in Miscible Alloys

Zoltán Erdélyi, Marcel Sladecek, Lorenz-M. Stadler, Ivo Zizak, Gábor A. Langer, Miklós Kis-Varga, Deszo L. Beke, and Bogdan Sepiol
Science 10 December 2004: 1913-1915.
When two miscible elements diffuse at very different rates into one another, heating unexpectedly sharpens the interface between them, an approach that may yield better mirrors. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Superconductivity Modulated by Quantum Size Effects

Yang Guo, Yan-Feng Zhang, Xin-Yu Bao, Tie-Zhu Han, Zhe Tang, Li-Xin Zhang, Wen-Guang Zhu, E. G. Wang, Qian Niu, Z. Q. Qiu, Jin-Feng Jia, Zhong-Xian Zhao, and Qi-Kun Xue
Science 10 December 2004: 1915-1917.
The temperature at which a lead film becomes superconducting oscillates as its thickness is increased by one atomic layer at a time, confirming that quantum effects can control electron interactions in superconductors. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Transient Uplift After a 17th-Century Earthquake Along the Kuril Subduction Zone

Yuki Sawai, Kenji Satake, Takanobu Kamataki, Hiroo Nasu, Masanobu Shishikura, Brian F. Atwater, Benjamin P. Horton, Harvey M. Kelsey, Tamotsu Nagumo, and Masaaki Yamaguchi
Science 10 December 2004: 1918-1920.
A huge earthquake likely struck near Hokkaido, Japan, in the 17th century, causing a large tsunami and coastal uplift for several decades in a region that is otherwise gradually subsiding. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Organic Aerosol Growth Mechanisms and Their Climate-Forcing Implications

Steven F. Maria, Lynn M. Russell, Mary K. Gilles, and Satish C. B. Myneni
Science 10 December 2004: 1921-1924.
In situ measurements show that organic aerosols oxidize three times more slowly than has been assumed in most climate models. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Langmuir Supercells: A Mechanism for Sediment Resuspension and Transport in Shallow Seas

A. Gargett, J. Wells, A. E. Tejada-Martínez, and C. E. Grosch
Science 10 December 2004: 1925-1928.
Paired, counterrotating vortices produced by storm winds and waves can extend several tens of meters down to the ocean floor, where they pick up and transport sediment. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Frequent Recombination in a Saltern Population of Halorubrum

R. Thane Papke, Jeremy E. Koenig, Francísco Rodríguez-Valera, and W. Ford Doolittle
Science 10 December 2004: 1928-1929.
Genes are exchanged so often among archaeabacteria from salt pools in Spain that the genetics of the population is as diverse as if it reproduced sexually. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Targeting Malaria Virulence and Remodeling Proteins to the Host Erythrocyte

Matthias Marti, Robert T. Good, Melanie Rug, Ellen Knuepfer, and Alan F. Cowman
Science 10 December 2004: 1930-1933.
Malaria parasites remodel infected red blood cells to maximize their own survival by exporting hundreds of proteins, each with a characteristic peptide export signal, into the cytoplasm or onto the cell surface. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Host-Targeting Signal in Virulence Proteins Reveals a Secretome in Malarial Infection

N. Luisa Hiller, Souvik Bhattacharjee, Christiaan van Ooij, Konstantinos Liolios, Travis Harrison, Carlos Lopez-Estraño, and Kasturi Haldar
Science 10 December 2004: 1934-1937.
Malaria parasites remodel infected red blood cells to maximize their own survival by exporting hundreds of proteins, each with a characteristic peptide export signal, into the cytoplasm or onto the cell surface. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm (Bombyx mori)

Biology analysis group, Qingyou Xia, Zeyang Zhou, Cheng Lu, Daojun Cheng, Fangyin Dai, Bin Li, Ping Zhao, Xingfu Zha, Tingcai Cheng, Chunli Chai, Guoqing Pan, Jinshan Xu, Chun Liu, Ying Lin, Jifeng Qian, Yong Hou, Zhengli Wu, Guanrong Li, Minhui Pan, Chunfeng Li, Yihong Shen, Xiqian Lan, Lianwei Yuan, Tian Li, Hanfu Xu, Guangwei Yang, Yongji Wan, Yong Zhu, Maode Yu, Weide Shen, Dayang Wu, Zhonghuai Xiang, Genome analysis group, Jun Yu, Jun Wang, Ruiqiang Li, Jianping Shi, Heng Li, Guangyuan Li, Jianning Su, Xiaoling Wang, Guoqing Li, Zengjin Zhang, Qingfa Wu, Jun Li, Qingpeng Zhang, Ning Wei, Jianzhe Xu, Haibo Sun, Le Dong, Dongyuan Liu, Shengli Zhao, Xiaolan Zhao, Qingshun Meng, Fengdi Lan, Xiangang Huang, Yuanzhe Li, Lin Fang, Changfeng Li, Dawei Li, Yongqiao Sun, Zhenpeng Zhang, Zheng Yang, Yanqing Huang, Yan Xi, Qiuhui Qi, Dandan He, Haiyan Huang, Xiaowei Zhang, Zhiqiang Wang, Wenjie Li, Yuzhu Cao, Yingpu Yu, Hong Yu, Jinhong Li, Jiehua Ye, Huan Chen, Yan Zhou, Bin Liu, Jing Wang, Jia Ye, Hai Ji, Shengting Li, Peixiang Ni, Jianguo Zhang, Yong Zhang, Hongkun Zheng, Bingyu Mao, Wen Wang, Chen Ye, Songgang Li, Jian Wang, Gane Ka-Shu Wong, and Huanming Yang
Science 10 December 2004: 1937-1940.
The third insect genome to be sequenced, the silkworm moth, has 18,510 genes, which are larger and more numerous than those of Drosophila. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

By Carrot or by Stick: Cognitive Reinforcement Learning in Parkinsonism

Michael J. Frank, Lauren C. Seeberger, and Randall C. O'Reilly
Science 10 December 2004: 1940-1943.
Published online 4 November 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1102941] (in Science Express Reports)
A model of learning that incorporates both negative and positive feedback by dopamine explains contradictory findings that dopamine can both improve and hinder cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Addiction as a Computational Process Gone Awry

A. David Redish
Science 10 December 2004: 1944-1947.
Modeling predicts that addiction to cocaine occurs because it activates dopamine neurons that cause its effects to be overvalued by the user, leading to further drug-seeking behavior. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The G_s-Linked Receptor GPR3 Maintains Meiotic Arrest in Mammalian Oocytes

Lisa M. Mehlmann, Yoshinaga Saeki, Shigeru Tanaka, Thomas J. Brennan, Alexei V. Evsikov, Frank L. Pendola, Barbara B. Knowles, John J. Eppig, and Laurinda A. Jaffe
Science 10 December 2004: 1947-1950.
In response to a signal from surrounding cells, a newly described receptor on the surface of a maturing oocyte holds it in a quiescent state until its release and fertilization. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Defective Telomere Lagging Strand Synthesis in Cells Lacking WRN Helicase Activity

Laure Crabbe, Ramiro E. Verdun, Candy I. Haggblom, and Jan Karlseder
Science 10 December 2004: 1951-1953.
The gene defective in Werner syndrome, a premature aging disease, is normally responsible for the proper replication of DNA at the ends of chromosomes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

COX-2-Derived Prostacyclin Confers Atheroprotection on Female Mice

Karine M. Egan, John A. Lawson, Susanne Fries, Beverley Koller, Daniel J. Rader, Emer M. Smyth, and Garret A. FitzGerald
Science 10 December 2004: 1954-1957.
Published online 18 November 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1103333] (in Science Express Reports)
Experiments in mice suggest that lower rates of atherosclerosis in women may result from estrogen-induced production of a protective hormone, prostacyclin. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Host-Parasite Coevolutionary Conflict Between Arabidopsis and Downy Mildew

Rebecca L. Allen, Peter D. Bittner-Eddy, Laura J. Grenville-Briggs, Julia C. Meitz, Anne P. Rehmany, Laura E. Rose, and Jim L. Beynon
Science 10 December 2004: 1957-1960.
In its evolutionary arms race with downy mildew, Arabidopsis has evolved multiple versions of a plant protein to resist each of the many mildew toxins that have arisen. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Leading-Edge Vortex Lifts Swifts

J. J. Videler, E. J. Stamhuis, and G. D. E. Povel
Science 10 December 2004: 1960-1962.
Particles flowing around a sharp-edged, swept-back model wing in a water tunnel show that vortices formed at the leading edge help birds like swifts generate lift. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|