Fundamentals of Measurement

Higher Standards

Ian Osborne and Daniel Clery
Science 19 November 2004: 1307.
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News

Measurement and the Single Particle

Andrew Watson
Science 19 November 2004: 1308-1309.
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Getting the Measure of Nanotechnology

Andrew Watson
Science 19 November 2004: 1309-1310.
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Time's Romance of the Decimal Point

Robert F. Service
Science 19 November 2004: 1310-1311.
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Putting the Stars in Their Places

Govert Schilling
Science 19 November 2004: 1312.
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In the Blink of an Eye

Alexander Hellemans
Science 19 November 2004: 1313.
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Viewpoint

Metrology and the State: Science, Revenue, and Commerce

William J. Ashworth
Science 19 November 2004: 1314-1317.
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Reviews

Standards of Time and Frequency at the Outset of the 21st Century

S. A. Diddams, J. C. Bergquist, S. R. Jefferts, and C. W. Oates
Science 19 November 2004: 1318-1324.
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The Route to Atomic and Quantum Standards

Jeff Flowers
Science 19 November 2004: 1324-1330.
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Quantum-Enhanced Measurements: Beating the Standard Quantum Limit

Vittorio Giovannetti, Seth Lloyd, and Lorenzo Maccone
Science 19 November 2004: 1330-1336.
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This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 19 November 2004: 1255.
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Editorial:
Science in the South

K. R. Sreenivasan
Science 19 November 2004: 1259.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 19 November 2004: 1261.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 19 November 2004: 1269.
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 New Products

Science 19 November 2004: 1394.
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News of the Week

INFECTIOUS DISEASES:
WHO Gives a Cautious Green Light to Smallpox Experiments

Gretchen Vogel
Science 19 November 2004: 1270-1271.
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ITALY:
Academics Protest Plan to End Tenure

Alexander Hellemans
Science 19 November 2004: 1270.
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FUSION ENERGY:
Euro Meeting Holds Key to ITER Project

Daniel Clery
Science 19 November 2004: 1271.
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PALEONTOLOGY:
Spanish Fossil Sheds New Light on the Oldest Great Apes

Elizabeth Culotta
Science 19 November 2004: 1273-1274.
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TOBACCO WARS:
Research on Secondhand Smoke Questioned

Dan Ferber
Science 19 November 2004: 1274.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE:
Key to Cheaper, Better Nanotubes Comes Out in the Wash

Robert F. Service
Science 19 November 2004: 1275.
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NIH ETHICS:
Staff Scientists Protest Plan to Ban Outside Fees

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 19 November 2004: 1276.
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AIDS VACCINES:
The First Shot in a Highly Targeted Strategy

Jon Cohen
Science 19 November 2004: 1276-1277.
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MEDICINE:
Estrogen's Ties to COX-2 May Explain Heart Disease Gender Gap

Jennifer Couzin
Science 19 November 2004: 1277.
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ScienceScope

Science 19 November 2004: 1273.
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Random Samples

Science 19 November 2004: 1286.
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News Focus

VOLCANOLOGY:
Iceland's Doomsday Scenario?

Richard Stone
Science 19 November 2004: 1278-1281.
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HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS:
Rara Avis or Statistical Mirage? Pentaquark Remains at Large

Charles Seife
Science 19 November 2004: 1281-1282.
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HUMAN EVOLUTION:
Faster Than a Hyena? Running May Make Humans Special

Carl Zimmer
Science 19 November 2004: 1283.
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AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HUMAN GENETICS MEETING:
Of Worms, Mice, and Very Old Men and Women

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 19 November 2004: 1284.
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AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HUMAN GENETICS MEETING:
Ural Farmers Got Milk Gene First?

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 19 November 2004: 1284-1285.
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AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HUMAN GENETICS MEETING:
New Prostate Cancer Genetic Link

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 19 November 2004: 1285.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 19 November 2004: 1289.
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 Assisting, But Not Dictating

Howard H. Kendler
Science 19 November 2004: 1289.
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 Microbial Life in the Atacama Desert

R. M. Maier, K. P. Drees, J. W. Neilson, D. A. Henderson, J. Quade, J. L. Betancourt;, Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, Fred A. Rainey, and Christopher P. McKay
Science 19 November 2004: 1289-1290.
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 Varshavsky's Contributions

Wolfgang Baumeister, Andreas Bachmair, Vincent Chau, Robert Cohen, Phil Coffino, George DeMartino, Raymond Deshaies, Juergen Dohmen, Scott Emr, Daniel Finley, Randy Hampton, Christopher Hill, Mark Hochstrasser, Robert Huber, Peter Jackson, Stefan Jentsch, Erica Johnson, Yong Tae Kwon, Michele Pagano, Cecile Pickart, Martin Rechsteiner, Martin Scheffner, Thomas Sommer, William Tansey, Mike Tyers, Richard Vierstra, Allan Weissman, Keith D. Wilkinson, and Dieter Wolf
Science 19 November 2004: 1290-1292.
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 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS

Science 19 November 2004: 1292.
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Books et al.

ECONOMICS:
Markets and Where They Came From

Eric Maskin
Science 19 November 2004: 1293-1294.
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EVOLUTION:
More Than Metaphorical Power?

Douglas H. Erwin
Science 19 November 2004: 1294.
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 Books Received

Science 19 November 2004: 1294.

Policy Forum

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:
Enhanced: Plants and Intellectual Property: An International Appraisal

Bonwoo Koo, Carol Nottenburg, and Philip G. Pardey
Science 19 November 2004: 1295-1297.
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Perspectives

PLANETARY SCIENCE:
Alien Weather at the Poles of Mars

Francois Forget
Science 19 November 2004: 1298-1299.
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:
Knives, Accomplices, and RNA

Marvin Wickens and Tania N. Gonzalez
Science 19 November 2004: 1299-1300.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE:
Shaping Crystals with Biomolecules

James J. De Yoreo and Patricia M. Dove
Science 19 November 2004: 1301-1302.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE:
How Neptune Pushed the Boundaries of Our Solar System

Alessandro Morbidelli
Science 19 November 2004: 1302-1304.
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STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY:
Voltage Sensor Meets Lipid Membrane

Roderick MacKinnon
Science 19 November 2004: 1304-1305.
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Brevia

The Ocean Takes a Deep Breath

Arne Körtzinger, Jens Schimanski, Uwe Send, and Douglas Wallace
Science 19 November 2004: 1337.
Floats that send data to satellites captured the winter overturning of the Labrador Sea, showing how oxygen is replenished to the deep ocean. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Research Articles

Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a New Middle Miocene Great Ape from Spain

Salvador Moyà-Solà, Meike Köhler, David M. Alba, Isaac Casanovas-Vilar, and Jordi Galindo
Science 19 November 2004: 1339-1344.
A fossilized partial skeleton of a great ape, about 12.5 million years old, has some features similar to those of modern apes and appears closely related to the last common human-ape ancestor. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The 1.2-Megabase Genome Sequence of Mimivirus

Didier Raoult, Stéphane Audic, Catherine Robert, Chantal Abergel, Patricia Renesto, Hiroyuki Ogata, Bernard La Scola, Marie Suzan, and Jean-Michel Claverie
Science 19 November 2004: 1344-1350.
Published online 14 October 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1101485] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A huge virus that infects amoebae contains genes that are not usually part of the viral repertoire and defines a family of ancient nucleocytoplasmic DNA viruses. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Magnetic Response of Metamaterials at 100 Terahertz

Stefan Linden, Christian Enkrich, Martin Wegener, Jiangfeng Zhou, Thomas Koschny, and Costas M. Soukoulis
Science 19 November 2004: 1351-1353.
Shrinking the dimensions of negatively refractive materials increases their magnetic response, allowing refraction at near-visible wavelengths. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Chiral Route to Negative Refraction

J. B. Pendry
Science 19 November 2004: 1353-1355.
Certain magnetic chiral materials, by selecting for one direction of polarized light, simplify the design of materials exhibiting negative refraction more than present methods. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Hertz-Level Measurement of the Optical Clock Frequency in a Single ⁸⁸Sr⁺ Ion

H. S. Margolis, G. P. Barwood, G. Huang, H. A. Klein, S. N. Lea, K. Szymaniec, and P. Gill
Science 19 November 2004: 1355-1358.
An optical comb is used to measure the transition frequency of a single Sr ion to 1 hertz, approaching the accuracy of the best atomic clock standards. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Downsizing an Ancient Technology

Mei Zhang, Ken R. Atkinson, and Ray H. Baughman
Science 19 November 2004: 1358-1361.
Spinning techniques used to make wool are scaled down for the fabrication of strong, pliable, carbon nanotube ropes and yarns that can be tied into strong knots. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Water-Assisted Highly Efficient Synthesis of Impurity-Free Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Kenji Hata, Don N. Futaba, Kohei Mizuno, Tatsunori Namai, Motoo Yumura, and Sumio Iijima
Science 19 November 2004: 1362-1364.
Addition of just a bit of water greatly accelerates the catalytic growth of long, pure single-walled carbon nanotubes and facilitates their separation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Mars' South Polar Ar Enhancement: A Tracer for South Polar Seasonal Meridional Mixing

A. L. Sprague, W. V. Boynton, K. E. Kerry, D. M. Janes, D. M. Hunten, K. J. Kim, R. C. Reedy, and A. E. Metzger
Science 19 November 2004: 1364-1367.
Published online 7 October 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1098496] (in Science Express Reports)
Argon accumulates in the south polar atmosphere of Mars during its autumn, then mixes to lower latitudes in winter and spring, tracing the formation and waning of a polar vortex. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Very Low Gene Duplication Rate in the Yeast Genome

Li-zhi Gao and Hideki Innan
Science 19 November 2004: 1367-1370.
The rate of gene duplication during evolution of yeast is 100 times slower than previously thought. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Regulated Fast Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Observed by Reversible Protein Highlighting

Ryoko Ando, Hideaki Mizuno, and Atsushi Miyawaki
Science 19 November 2004: 1370-1373.
Unlike previous fluorescent labels, a protein derived from coral can be repeatedly and reversibly excited to visualize movement of molecules across the nuclear membrane. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

TRPM4 Regulates Calcium Oscillations After T Cell Activation

Pierre Launay, Henrique Cheng, Subhashini Srivatsan, Reinhold Penner, Andrea Fleig, and Jean-Pierre Kinet
Science 19 November 2004: 1374-1377.
Calcium oscillations in T cells, required for the control of cytokine synthesis, are mediated by a calcium activated cation channel. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Protein Sensor for siRNA Asymmetry

Yukihide Tomari, Christian Matranga, Benjamin Haley, Natalia Martinez, and Phillip D. Zamore
Science 19 November 2004: 1377-1380.
When double-stranded RNA turns off homologous gene expression, a protein within the silencing machinery selects and uses the more stable of the two RNA strands as a sequence guide. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Human Polyomavirus, JCV, Uses Serotonin Receptors to Infect Cells

Gwendolyn F. Elphick, William Querbes, Joslynn A. Jordan, Gretchen V. Gee, Sylvia Eash, Kate Manley, Aisling Dugan, Megan Stanifer, Anushree Bhatnagar, Wesley K. Kroeze, Bryan L. Roth, and Walter J. Atwood
Science 19 November 2004: 1380-1383.
A polyoma virus that destroys myelin in the human brain enters neurons by binding to a receptor for the transmitter serotonin. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Fat Mobilization in Adipose Tissue Is Promoted by Adipose Triglyceride Lipase

Robert Zimmermann, Juliane G. Strauss, Guenter Haemmerle, Gabriele Schoiswohl, Ruth Birner-Gruenberger, Monika Riederer, Achim Lass, Georg Neuberger, Frank Eisenhaber, Albin Hermetter, and Rudolf Zechner
Science 19 November 2004: 1383-1386.
A previously unknown enzyme may be important in degrading and producing energy from fat and could provide a drug target for treating obesity. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Nuclear Pore Complex Structure and Dynamics Revealed by Cryoelectron Tomography

Martin Beck, Friedrich Förster, Mary Ecke, Jürgen M. Plitzko, Frauke Melchior, Günther Gerisch, Wolfgang Baumeister, and Ohad Medalia
Science 19 November 2004: 1387-1390.
Published online 28 October 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1104808] (in Science Express Reports)
Images of functioning nuclear pores reveal cargo in transit through the pore and simultaneous changes in pore structure. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin: A Photochromic Color Sensor at 2.0 Å

Lutz Vogeley, Oleg A. Sineshchekov, Vishwa D. Trivedi, Jun Sasaki, John L. Spudich, and Hartmut Luecke
Science 19 November 2004: 1390-1393.
Published online 30 September 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1103943] (in Science Express Reports)
The wavelength of light shining on the light-sensing pigment from a microbe shifts the ratio of two molecular forms, endowing it with color vision. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

 Comment on "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian"

Stefan Bengtson and Graham Budd
Science 19 November 2004: 1291.
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 Response to Comment on "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian"

Jun-Yuan Chen, Paola Oliveri, Eric Davidson, and David J. Bottjer
Science 19 November 2004: 1291.
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