This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 16 April 2004: 356.
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Editorial:
An Uncertain Call to Arms

Claire M. Fraser
Science 16 April 2004: 359.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 16 April 2004: 361.
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NetWatch

Best of the Web in science.
Science 16 April 2004: 367.
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 New Products

Science 16 April 2004: 455.
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News of the Week

GENOMICS:
New Global Database Lends a Hand to Gene Hunters

Dennis Normile
Science 16 April 2004: 368.
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FRANCE:
Jobs Promised, Strike Aborted

Barbara Casassus
Science 16 April 2004: 368.
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ARCHAEOLOGY:
Oldest Beads Suggest Early Symbolic Behavior

Constance Holden
Science 16 April 2004: 369.
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GLOBAL CHANGE:
A Slowing Cog in the North Atlantic Ocean's Climate Machine

Richard A. Kerr
Science 16 April 2004: 371-372.
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BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY:
Why Male Bowerbirds Decorate As Well As Dance

Virginia Morell
Science 16 April 2004: 372.
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BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY:
Songbirds Check Compass Against Sunset to Stay on Course

Erik Stokstad
Science 16 April 2004: 373.
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CHINA:
Underground Detector Proposed to Join Hunt for Gravitational Waves

Ding Yimin
Science 16 April 2004: 375.
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ScienceScope

Science 16 April 2004: 371.
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Random Samples

Science 16 April 2004: 386.
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News Focus

10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID:
Realigning South Africa's Science

Charlene Crabb
Science 16 April 2004: 376-377.
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10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID:
New South Africa Puts Emphasis on Reclaiming Humanity's Past

John Bohannon
Science 16 April 2004: 377-378.
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10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID:
Astronomers Attempt to Stay in the Big League

Charlene Crabb
Science 16 April 2004: 378-380.
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10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID:
South Africa's Own Shooting Star

John Bohannon
Science 16 April 2004: 379.
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10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID:
Earth Sciences Seek Niche Apart From Mining Industry

John Bohannon
Science 16 April 2004: 380-381.
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EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DIVERSITY MEETING:
The Genes That Change the Cichlid Jaws

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 16 April 2004: 383.
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EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DIVERSITY MEETING:
Japanese Catch of the Day

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 16 April 2004: 383-384.
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EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DIVERSITY MEETING:
RNAi Takes Evo-Devo World by Storm

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 16 April 2004: 384.
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SPACE SCIENCE:
Gravity Probe to Give Einstein a Pricey High-Precision Test

Charles Seife
Science 16 April 2004: 385.
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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 16 April 2004: 388.
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 Future Global Warming Scenarios

Wallace S. Broecker
Science 16 April 2004: 388.
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 Human Being Redux

Michael S. Gazzaniga
Science 16 April 2004: 388-389.
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 The Science Behind Forensic Science

Joseph P. Polski
Science 16 April 2004: 389.
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 Testing Genome Complexity

Alexander E. Vinogradov;, Michael Lynch, and John S. Conery
Science 16 April 2004: 389-390.
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 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS

Science 16 April 2004: 390.
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Books et al.

ENVIRONMENT:
Human Impact on the Chinese Landscape

J. R. McNeill
Science 16 April 2004: 391-392.
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ENVIRONMENT:
Smoke No Longer Gets in Your Eyes

A. Scott Henderson
Science 16 April 2004: 392.
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 Books Received

Science 16 April 2004: 392.

Policy Forum

ECOLOGY:
Managing Soil Carbon

Rattan Lal, Michael Griffin, Jay Apt, Lester Lave, and M. Granger Morgan
Science 16 April 2004: 393.
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Perspectives

CELL BIOLOGY:
A Well-Stocked Pool

Irwin B. Levitan
Science 16 April 2004: 394-395.
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ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE:
Enhanced: An Iron Deficiency in Polar Mesospheric Clouds

Donald M. Hunten
Science 16 April 2004: 395-396.
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OCEAN SCIENCE:
Ironing Out Algal Issues in the Southern Ocean

Philip Boyd
Science 16 April 2004: 396-397.
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GENOMICS:
Beyond Nature and Nurture

Gene E. Robinson
Science 16 April 2004: 397-399.
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ASTRONOMY:
Unveiling the Formation of Massive Galaxies

Christopher J. Conselice
Science 16 April 2004: 399-400.
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OCEAN SCIENCE:
Global Warming and the Next Ice Age

Andrew J. Weaver and Claude Hillaire-Marcel
Science 16 April 2004: 400-402.
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ECOLOGY:
How "Virgin" Is Virgin Rainforest?

K. J. Willis, L. Gillson, and T. M. Brncic
Science 16 April 2004: 402-403.
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Brevia

 Middle Stone Age Shell Beads from South Africa

Christopher Henshilwood, Francesco d'Errico, Marian Vanhaeren, Karen van Niekerk, and Zenobia Jacobs
Science 16 April 2004: 404.
A cave in South Africa contains evidence that humans manufactured ornamental shell jewelry about 80,000 years ago. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

Migrating Songbirds Recalibrate Their Magnetic Compass Daily from Twilight Cues

William W. Cochran, Henrik Mouritsen, and Martin Wikelski
Science 16 April 2004: 405-408.
Free-flying migrating songbirds use the daily sunset to adjust their internal directional compass, enabling them to navigate by Earth's spatially variable magnetic field. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment: Carbon Cycling in High- and Low-Si Waters

Kenneth H. Coale, Kenneth S. Johnson, Francisco P. Chavez, Ken O. Buesseler, Richard T. Barber, Mark A. Brzezinski, William P. Cochlan, Frank J. Millero, Paul G. Falkowski, James E. Bauer, Rik H. Wanninkhof, Raphael M. Kudela, Mark A. Altabet, Burke E. Hales, Taro Takahashi, Michael R. Landry, Robert R. Bidigare, Xiujun Wang, Zanna Chase, Pete G. Strutton, Gernot E. Friederich, Maxim Y. Gorbunov, Veronica P. Lance, Anna K. Hilting, Michael R. Hiscock, Mark Demarest, William T. Hiscock, Kevin F. Sullivan, Sara J. Tanner, R. Mike Gordon, Craig N. Hunter, Virginia A. Elrod, Steve E. Fitzwater, Janice L. Jones, Sasha Tozzi, Michal Koblizek, Alice E. Roberts, Julian Herndon, Jodi Brewster, Nicolas Ladizinsky, Geoffrey Smith, David Cooper, David Timothy, Susan L. Brown, Karen E. Selph, Cecelia C. Sheridan, Benjamin S. Twining, and Zackary I. Johnson
Science 16 April 2004: 408-414.
Iron fertilization of surface waters in the Southern Ocean caused increased uptake of atmospheric CO₂ in regions with both high and low silicate concentrations. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

The Effects of Iron Fertilization on Carbon Sequestration in the Southern Ocean

Ken O. Buesseler, John E. Andrews, Steven M. Pike, and Matthew A. Charette
Science 16 April 2004: 414-417.
Measurements of radioactive ²³⁴Th near the ocean's surface show that iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean can produce an increase in the settlement rate of carbon-rich particles onto the ocean floor. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Robotic Observations of Enhanced Carbon Biomass and Export at 55°S During SOFeX

James K. B. Bishop, Todd J. Wood, Russ E. Davis, and Jeffrey T. Sherman
Science 16 April 2004: 417-420.
Automatic sampling of Southern Ocean water from the surface to 1000 meters showed that iron fertilization enhanced carbon settlement. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Vortex Core-Driven Magnetization Dynamics

S.-B. Choe, Y. Acremann, A. Scholl, A. Bauer, A. Doran, J. Stöhr, and H. A. Padmore
Science 16 April 2004: 420-422.
A new x-ray imaging approach reveals nanometer-scale magnetic vortices in a patterned magnetic film and shows that these control magnetization at the micrometer scale. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Ultrahigh Strength and High Electrical Conductivity in Copper

Lei Lu, Yongfeng Shen, Xianhua Chen, Lihua Qian, and K. Lu
Science 16 April 2004: 422-426.
Published online 18 March 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1092905] (in Science Express Reports)
Copper synthesized with many paired nanocrystals retains its conductivity, in contrast to the case with other strengthening procedures. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Removal of Meteoric Iron on Polar Mesospheric Clouds

John M. C. Plane, Benjamin J. Murray, Xinzhao Chu, and Chester S. Gardner
Science 16 April 2004: 426-428.
Ice particles in polar clouds in Earth's upper atmosphere above the poles efficiently collect iron atoms evaporated from meteorites. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

A Functional Protein Chip for Pathway Optimization and in Vitro Metabolic Engineering

Gyoo Yeol Jung and Gregory Stephanopoulos
Science 16 April 2004: 428-431.
The five-enzyme pathway for trehalose synthesis was optimized by binding controlled amounts of enzyme mRNA fusion molecules to a protein chip spotted with immobilized DNA. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Functional Stoichiometry and Local Enrichment of Calmodulin Interacting with Ca²⁺ Channels

Masayuki X. Mori, Michael G. Erickson, and David T. Yue
Science 16 April 2004: 432-435.
Only one of the many calcium-binding proteins clustered at the mouth of a calcium channel is needed to prevent ion flow. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reconstitution of Ca²⁺-Regulated Membrane Fusion by Synaptotagmin and SNAREs

Ward C. Tucker, Thomas Weber, and Edwin R. Chapman
Science 16 April 2004: 435-438.
Published online 25 March 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1097196] (in Science Express Reports)
In a test-tube reconstitution of natural exocytosis, lipid vesicles fuse in a calcium-dependent fashion when two types of synaptic proteins are included in the mix. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Integration of Word Meaning and World Knowledge in Language Comprehension

Peter Hagoort, Lea Hald, Marcel Bastiaansen, and Karl Magnus Petersson
Science 16 April 2004: 438-441.
Published online 18 March 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1095455] (in Science Express Reports)
One region of the brain simultaneously determines whether a sentence is logically sensible and whether it is true. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Complete Genome Sequence of the Apicomplexan, Cryptosporidium parvum

Mitchell S. Abrahamsen, Thomas J. Templeton, Shinichiro Enomoto, Juan E. Abrahante, Guan Zhu, Cheryl A. Lancto, Mingqi Deng, Chang Liu, Giovanni Widmer, Saul Tzipori, Gregory A. Buck, Ping Xu, Alan T. Bankier, Paul H. Dear, Bernard A. Konfortov, Helen F. Spriggs, Lakshminarayan Iyer, Vivek Anantharaman, L. Aravind, and Vivek Kapur
Science 16 April 2004: 441-445.
Published online 25 March 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1094786] (in Science Express Reports)
The intestinal parasite Cryptosporidium parvum lacks several common biochemical pathways and intracellular organelles and thus must rely on its host for nutrients. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Genetic Dissection of Complex Traits with Chromosome Substitution Strains of Mice

Jonathan B. Singer, Annie E. Hill, Lindsay C. Burrage, Keith R. Olszens, Junghan Song, Monica Justice, William E. O'Brien, David V. Conti, John S. Witte, Eric S. Lander, and Joseph H. Nadeau
Science 16 April 2004: 445-448.
Published online 18 March 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1093139] (in Science Express Reports)
Twenty-two mouse strains, genetically identical except for a single substituted chromosome, are used to locate regions contributing to such traits as obesity and anxiety. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

ABAD Directly Links Aß to Mitochondrial Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease

Joyce W. Lustbader, Maurizio Cirilli, Chang Lin, Hong Wei Xu, Kazuhiro Takuma, Ning Wang, Casper Caspersen, Xi Chen, Susan Pollak, Michael Chaney, Fabrizio Trinchese, Shumin Liu, Frank Gunn-Moore, Lih-Fen Lue, Douglas G. Walker, Periannan Kuppusamy, Zay L. Zewier, Ottavio Arancio, David Stern, Shirley ShiDu Yan, and Hao Wu
Science 16 April 2004: 448-452.
Amyloid beta protein can kill neurons by invading mitochondria and binding to an essential enzyme, but this can be blocked with a peptide derived from the enzyme. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Dissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning

John O'Doherty, Peter Dayan, Johannes Schultz, Ralf Deichmann, Karl Friston, and Raymond J. Dolan
Science 16 April 2004: 452-454.
The human brain region that associates an action with a particular reward outcome differs from the one that modifies the behavior in accord with expectation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

 Comment on "Oceanic Rossby Waves Acting As a `Hay Rake' for Ecosystem Floating By-Products"

Peter D. Killworth
Science 16 April 2004: 390.
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 Response to Comment on "Oceanic Rossby Waves Acting As a `Hay Rake' for Ecosystem Floating By-Products"

Yves Dandonneau, Christophe Menkes, Thomas Gorgues, and Gurvan Madec
Science 16 April 2004: 390.
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