Basic oxygen furnace beneath ladle tilted to the charging position to receive the liquid hot metal portion of the charge before refining iron into steel. Energy-intensive industrial processes are in a state of transition, both technologically and in the demand for their products. This has implications for future energy demand and the changing composition of U.S. industrial production. See page 1277. [U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585]

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