This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 5 March 2010: 1175.
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Editorial:
Biodiversity Is Our Life

Julia Marton-Lefèvre
Science 5 March 2010: 1179.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 5 March 2010: 1180.
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Science Podcast

Science 5 March 2010: 1265.
The show includes natural methane venting to the atmosphere, strong mussel fibers, and challenges for stem-cell science. Summary »|   Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

New Products

Science 5 March 2010: 1265.
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

Seismology
Two Years Later, New Rumblings Over Origins of Sichuan Quake

Richard A. Kerr and Richard Stone
Science 5 March 2010: 1184.
Scientists in China say they've ruled out reservoir triggering in the disastrous 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. But many earth scientists don't buy their arguments. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Pharmacology
Growth Hormone Test Finally Nabs First Doper

John Travis
Science 5 March 2010: 1185.
Last week's announcement of the first athlete to be caught by a blood test designed to detect doping with human growth hormone to boost muscle mass represents a warning to athletes who may have thought HGH use was undetectable, and it also erases lingering doubts about the test among scientists. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Paleoclimatology
Snowball Earth Has Melted Back To a Profound Wintry Mix

Richard A. Kerr
Science 5 March 2010: 1186.
On page 1241 of this week's issue of Science, geoscientists report evidence that the tropics hosted glaciers more than 100 million years before the supposed global freeze in which Earth froze over from pole to pole more than a half-billion years ago. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Archaeology
Of Two Minds About Toba's Impact

Michael Balter
Science 5 March 2010: 1187-1188.
Researchers gathered at a meeting last month to probe the impact on modern humans of the cataclysmic eruption of Indonesia's Mount Toba about 74,000 years ago—and to ponder whether modern humans had made it to Asia by the time the volcano blew. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceInsider
From the Science Policy Blog

Science 5 March 2010: 1187.
ScienceInsider reported this week that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and its parent organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, will request an independent review of IPCC in the wake of unprecedented criticisms of the panel, among other stories. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceNOW.org
From Science's Online Daily News Site

Science 5 March 2010: 1188.
ScienceNOW reported this week that an early polar bear has been discovered in Arctic tundra, an appetite-suppressing hormone called leptin is just as effective as insulin at controlling diabetes in mice, engraved eggs suggest early symbolism, and global warming didn't kill the golden toad, among other stories. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Nutrition Science
European Food Watchdog Slashes Dubious Health Claims

Martin Enserink
Science 5 March 2010: 1189.
Europe's food safety watchdog on 25 February issued a scientific mass-verdict on more than 400 so-called health claims, the promises that food producers make on their labels and in advertisements, rejecting purported health benefits of a raft of substances. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Genomics
Semiconductors Inspire New Sequencing Technologies

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 5 March 2010: 1190.
In a packed house at the final Saturday session of the annual Advances in Genome Biology and Technology meeting, revolutionary new DNA-sequencing technologies using silicon wafers and quantum dots were presented. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Stem Cells
Reprogrammed Cells Come Up Short, for Now

Gretchen Vogel
Science 5 March 2010: 1191.
Two recent papers offer some of the first side-by-side comparisons of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and human embryonic stem (hES) cells as they differentiate into various kinds of cells. In both papers, researchers report that iPS cells can form desired cell types, but they do so with less efficiency than hES cells. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 5 March 2010: 1183.
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News Focus

Psychiatry
Anything But Child's Play

Greg Miller
Science 5 March 2010: 1192-1193.
An alternative to juvenile bipolar disorder and a reorganization of autism-related disorders are among the controversial changes proposed for the fifth edition of psychiatrists' bible, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Astronomy
Unwinding the Milky Way

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 5 March 2010: 1194-1195.
For a generation, researchers have sought clues to our galaxy's origins in the rare stars whose compositions most closely approach the purity of the primeval universe. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

17TH CONFERENCE ON RETROVIRUSES AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, 16-19 FEBRUARY, SAN FRANCISCO, CA
The Ins and Outs of HIV

Jon Cohen
Science 5 March 2010: 1196-1197.
Presentations at the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections challenged the most basic notions of how HIV enters and exits cells. New work indicates that endocytosis may be a more important entry route than direct fusion. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

17TH CONFERENCE ON RETROVIRUSES AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, 16-19 FEBRUARY, SAN FRANCISCO, CA
Treatment as Prevention

Jon Cohen
Science 5 March 2010: 1196-1197.
At the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, two groups presented some of the firmest data yet to support the concept of testing everyone for HIV and immediately starting all infected people on treatment. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

17TH CONFERENCE ON RETROVIRUSES AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, 16-19 FEBRUARY, SAN FRANCISCO, CA
Limits of Success

Jon Cohen
Science 5 March 2010: 1197.
According to the best estimates, 480,000 babies worldwide became infected with HIV in 2008, with a mere 21% of pregnant women receiving an HIV test and only 45% of those who tested positive receiving drugs to prevent infection—and that treatment was often suboptimal, according to work presented at the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 A Greener Future for China's Cities

Zongming Wang and Jing Ming Chen
Science 5 March 2010: 1199.
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 Bioenergy: Counting on Incentives

Kim Pingoud, Annette Cowie, Neil Bird, Leif Gustavsson, Sebastian Rüter, Roger Sathre, Sampo Soimakallio, Andreas Türk, and Susanne Woess-Gallasch
Science 5 March 2010: 1199-1200.
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 Bioenergy: Counting on Incentives—Response

Timothy D. Searchinger, Steven P. Hamburg, Jerry Melillo, William Chameides, Petr Havlik, Daniel M. Kammen, Gene E. Likens, Michael Obersteiner, Michael Oppenheimer, G. Philip Robertson, William H. Schlesinger, Ruben Lubowski, and G. David Tilman
Science 5 March 2010: 1200-1201.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 5 March 2010: 1200.
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Books et al.

History of Science
Romantics in the English Manner

Robert J. Richards
Science 5 March 2010: 1202-1203.
Holmes has woven an engaging narrative from tales of English scientists in the decades around 1800. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

History of Science
Far More Than Mere Transmission

Laurel Brown
Science 5 March 2010: 1203.
Masood's accessible survey explores the history of science in the Islamic world between the 8th and 16th centuries. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 5 March 2010: 1203.
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 26 February 2010. Summary »|  

Policy Forum

Energy
Behavior and Energy Policy

Hunt Allcott and Sendhil Mullainathan
Science 5 March 2010: 1204-1205.
Investment in scalable, non–price-based behavioral interventions and research may prove valuable in improving energy efficiency. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Perspectives

Astronomy
Sunscreen for the Young Earth

Moira Jardine
Science 5 March 2010: 1206-1207.
Dating the establishment of Earth's magnetic field has implications for identifying conditions when life could take hold. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Ecology
The Seven Ages of Pan

Tim Clutton-Brock and Ben C. Sheldon
Science 5 March 2010: 1207-1208.
Decades-long field studies require unusual dedication but provide unique insight into animal behavior and ecology. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Physics
Controlling Implosion Symmetry Around a Deuterium-Tritium Target

Peter A. Norreys
Science 5 March 2010: 1208-1210.
Fusion power is a step closer with the demonstration of control over the extreme thermal radiation pressure created by high-power laser beams within a cavity. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Cell Biology
Burn Out or Fade Away?

Ivan Topisirovic and Nahum Sonenberg
Science 5 March 2010: 1210-1211.
A protein whose expression is turned on by stress delays the onset of age-related pathologies. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Climate Change
How Stable Is the Methane Cycle?

Martin Heimann
Science 5 March 2010: 1211-1212.
Ship and satellite data help to elucidate how methane emissions from sources such as wetlands may change in a warming climate. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Neuroscience
Questionable Calcium

Frank Kirchhoff
Science 5 March 2010: 1212-1213.
The mechanism of calcium signaling in astrocytes is part of the debate on the role of glia at neuronal synapses. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary

Peter Schulte, Laia Alegret, Ignacio Arenillas, José A. Arz, Penny J. Barton, Paul R. Bown, Timothy J. Bralower, Gail L. Christeson, Philippe Claeys, Charles S. Cockell, Gareth S. Collins, Alexander Deutsch, Tamara J. Goldin, Kazuhisa Goto, José M. Grajales-Nishimura, Richard A. F. Grieve, Sean P. S. Gulick, Kirk R. Johnson, Wolfgang Kiessling, Christian Koeberl, David A. Kring, Kenneth G. MacLeod, Takafumi Matsui, Jay Melosh, Alessandro Montanari, Joanna V. Morgan, Clive R. Neal, Douglas J. Nichols, Richard D. Norris, Elisabetta Pierazzo, Greg Ravizza, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Wolf Uwe Reimold, Eric Robin, Tobias Salge, Robert P. Speijer, Arthur R. Sweet, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Vivi Vajda, Michael T. Whalen, and Pi S. Willumsen
Science 5 March 2010: 1214-1218.
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Research Articles

Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming

Susan Solomon, Karen H. Rosenlof, Robert W. Portmann, John S. Daniel, Sean M. Davis, Todd J. Sanford, and Gian-Kasper Plattner
Science 5 March 2010: 1219-1223.
Published online 28 January 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1182488] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Decreases in stratospheric water vapor after the year 2000 slowed the rate of increase in global surface temperature. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Sestrin as a Feedback Inhibitor of TOR That Prevents Age-Related Pathologies

Jun Hee Lee, Andrei V. Budanov, Eek Joong Park, Ryan Birse, Teddy E. Kim, Guy A. Perkins, Karen Ocorr, Mark H. Ellisman, Rolf Bodmer, Ethan Bier, and Michael Karin
Science 5 March 2010: 1223-1228.
Sestrin proteins protect fruit flies from the tissue degeneration and disruption of metabolic homeostasis that accompany aging. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Symmetric Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions at Ultra-High Laser Energies

S. H. Glenzer, B. J. MacGowan, P. Michel, N. B. Meezan, L. J. Suter, S. N. Dixit, J. L. Kline, G. A. Kyrala, D. K. Bradley, D. A. Callahan, E. L. Dewald, L. Divol, E. Dzenitis, M. J. Edwards, A. V. Hamza, C. A. Haynam, D. E. Hinkel, D. H. Kalantar, J. D. Kilkenny, O. L. Landen, J. D. Lindl, S. LePape, J. D. Moody, A. Nikroo, T. Parham, M. B. Schneider, R. P. J. Town, P. Wegner, K. Widmann, P. Whitman, B. K. F. Young, B. Van Wonterghem, L. J. Atherton, and E. I. Moses
Science 5 March 2010: 1228-1231.
Published online 28 January 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1185634] (in Science Express Reports)
Laser-driven temperatures and implosion symmetry are close to the requirements for inertial-fusion ignition. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Charged-Particle Probing of X-ray–Driven Inertial-Fusion Implosions

C. K. Li, F. H. Séguin, J. A. Frenje, M. Rosenberg, R. D. Petrasso, P. A. Amendt, J. A. Koch, O. L. Landen, H. S. Park, H. F. Robey, R. P. J. Town, A. Casner, F. Philippe, R. Betti, J. P. Knauer, D. D. Meyerhofer, C. A. Back, J. D. Kilkenny, and A. Nikroo
Science 5 March 2010: 1231-1235.
Published online 28 January 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1185747] (in Science Express Reports)
Laser-driven temperatures and implosion symmetry are close to the requirements for inertial-fusion ignition. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Deglacial Meltwater Pulse 1B and Younger Dryas Sea Levels Revisited with Boreholes at Tahiti

Edouard Bard, Bruno Hamelin, and Doriane Delanghe-Sabatier
Science 5 March 2010: 1235-1237.
Published online 14 January 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1180557] (in Science Express Reports)
A coral-based record of sea level from Tahiti defines changes in the rate of sea-level rise between 14,000 and 9000 years ago. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Geodynamo, Solar Wind, and Magnetopause 3.4 to 3.45 Billion Years Ago

John A. Tarduno, Rory D. Cottrell, Michael K. Watkeys, Axel Hofmann, Pavel V. Doubrovine, Eric E. Mamajek, Dunji Liu, David G. Sibeck, Levi P. Neukirch, and Yoichi Usui
Science 5 March 2010: 1238-1240.
Analysis of ancient silicate crystals indicates that Earth’s magnetic field existed 3.40 to 3.45 billion years ago. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Calibrating the Cryogenian

Francis A. Macdonald, Mark D. Schmitz, James L. Crowley, Charles F. Roots, David S. Jones, Adam C. Maloof, Justin V. Strauss, Phoebe A. Cohen, David T. Johnston, and Daniel P. Schrag
Science 5 March 2010: 1241-1243.
A volcanic tuff dated to 716.5 million years ago calibrates the timing of a global glaciation event and eukaryotic survival. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Role of Sulfuric Acid in Atmospheric Nucleation

Mikko Sipilä, Torsten Berndt, Tuukka Petäjä, David Brus, Joonas Vanhanen, Frank Stratmann, Johanna Patokoski, Roy L. Mauldin, III, Antti-Pekka Hyvärinen, Heikki Lihavainen, and Markku Kulmala
Science 5 March 2010: 1243-1246.
Gas-phase sulfuric acid and water react fast enough to account for the concentration of atmospheric sulfuric acid particles. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Extensive Methane Venting to the Atmosphere from Sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf

Natalia Shakhova, Igor Semiletov, Anatoly Salyuk, Vladimir Yusupov, Denis Kosmach, and Örjan Gustafsson
Science 5 March 2010: 1246-1250.
Methane emissions from this region of sub-sea permafrost are comparable to previous estimates for the world ocean. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Hippocampal Short- and Long-Term Plasticity Are Not Modulated by Astrocyte Ca²⁺ Signaling

Cendra Agulhon, Todd A. Fiacco, and Ken D. McCarthy
Science 5 March 2010: 1250-1254.
Previous reports of glial cell activity may reflect the pharmacological approaches used and not endogenous activity. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

RTEL-1 Enforces Meiotic Crossover Interference and Homeostasis

Jillian L. Youds, David G. Mets, Michael J. McIlwraith, Julie S. Martin, Jordan D. Ward, Nigel J. ONeil, Ann M. Rose, Stephen C. West, Barbara J. Meyer, and Simon J. Boulton
Science 5 March 2010: 1254-1258.
Crossing over between homologous chromosomes in meiosis is controlled in part by an anti-recombination enzyme. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Spatially Ordered Dynamics of the Bacterial Carbon Fixation Machinery

David F. Savage, Bruno Afonso, Anna H. Chen, and Pamela A. Silver
Science 5 March 2010: 1258-1261.
Tight control of the spatial arrangement of carboxysome organelles optimizes carbon fixation in cyanobacterial cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Retromer Is Required for Apoptotic Cell Clearance by Phagocytic Receptor Recycling

Didi Chen, Hui Xiao, Kai Zhang, Bin Wang, Zhiyang Gao, Youli Jian, Xiaying Qi, Jianwei Sun, Long Miao, and Chonglin Yang
Science 5 March 2010: 1261-1264.
Published online 4 February 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1184840] (in Science Express Reports)
An intracellular membrane-sorting machinery participates in cellular corpse clearance. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Movement Intention After Parietal Cortex Stimulation in Humans"

Hans-Otto Karnath, Svenja Borchers, and Marc Himmelbach
Science 5 March 2010: 1200.
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Response to Comment on "Movement Intention After Parietal Cortex Stimulation in Humans"

Angela Sirigu, Carmine Mottolese, and Michel Desmurget
Science 5 March 2010: 1200.
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