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Special Issue

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2014 Breakthrough of the Year

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Feature

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  • Comet Breakthrough of the Year + People's choice

    • Eric Hand
    Science 19 December 2014: 1442-1443.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1442]

    Rosetta's short-lived lander grabbed the headlines, but the ongoing orbital mission is the real news for science. And this year, Science decided to give its readers a say in picking their own top breakthroughs of 2014.

  • Runners-up

    Science 19 December 2014: 1444-1449.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1444]

    In addition to its Breakthrough of the Year, Science named nine runners-up as significant scientific achievements of 2014.

  • Scorecard for 2014

    Science 19 December 2014: 1449.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1449]

    Every year, the Breakthrough staff picks scientific developments likely to make news in the coming months.

  • Areas to watch in 2015

    Science 19 December 2014: 1450.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1450-a]

    Science is a moving target. In addition to looking back on achievements of the previous year, the Breakthrough staff also hazards a few informed guesses about developments likely to make news in months to come.

  • Breakdown + Breakdown runners-up

    Science 19 December 2014: 1450-1451.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1450-b]

    Slow international response and missed opportunities to contain the outbreak make this year's Ebola epidemic Science's breakdown of the year. Also, Breakthrough staff chose a few of this year's notable flaps, stumbles, and reverses as runners-up.

Contents

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  • EDITORIAL:

    Breakthrough to our origins

    • Marcia McNutt
    Science 19 December 2014: 1433.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa4569]
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  • Science Podcast: 19 December Show

    Science 19 December 2014: 1569.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1569-b]

    On this week's show: Breakthrough of the year and a yearly news roundup.

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  • New Products

    Science 19 December 2014: 1569.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1569-a]

    A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.

In Brief

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  • This week's section

    Science 19 December 2014: 1434-1435.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1434]

    A roundup of weekly science policy and related news.

In Depth

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  • Energy Research

    U.S. fusion effort melts down

    • Adrian Cho
    Science 19 December 2014: 1436-1437.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1436]

    Scientific community battles with its federal office.

  • Research Funding

    Science agencies make gains despite tight U.S. budget

    • Jeffrey Mervis and
    • David Malakoff
    Science 19 December 2014: 1437-1438.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1437]

    NASA, NSF among 2015 winners in difficult year.

  • Ancient DNA

    The thoroughly bred horse

    • Ann Gibbons
    Science 19 December 2014: 1439.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1439]

    Genomes from ancient horses show the genetic changes wrought by domestication—and their costs.

  • Costa Rica

    Celebrated biodiversity institute faces financial crisis

    • Lizzie Wade
    Science 19 December 2014: 1440.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1440]

    New government rethinks plan to take over INBio's money-losing theme parks.

  • Biomedical Research

    Ambitious children's study meets disappointing end

    • Jocelyn Kaiser
    Science 19 December 2014: 1441.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1441]

    After 14 years and $1.2 billion spent, design and management troubles topple National Children's Study.

Working Life

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  • For the love of ferns

    • Karen Perkins
    Science 19 December 2014: 1586.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1586]

Letters

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  • Retraction

    • Giuseppe Lia,
    • Bénédicte Michel,
    • and Jean-François Allemand
    Science 19 December 2014: 1466.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1466-a]

  • On the origin of feathers

    • Gerald Mayr
    Science 19 December 2014: 1466.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1466-b]

  • On the origin of feathers—Response

    • Marie-Claire Koschowitz,
    • Markus Lambertz,
    • Christian Fischer,
    • and P. Martin Sander
    Science 19 December 2014: 1466-1467.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1466-c]

Books et al.

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  • Digital Archives

    Einstein online

    • Andrew Robinson
    Science 19 December 2014: 1463.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa3615]
  • Forensic Science

    The body never lies

    • Yevgeniya Nusinovich
    Science 19 December 2014: 1464.[DOI:10.1126/science.1260578]
  • Film

    Finding our place among the stars

    • Salman Hameed
    Science 19 December 2014: 1464-1465.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa3646]

  • Books Received

    Science 19 December 2014: 1464.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1464-c]

    A listing of books received at Science during the week ending 12 December 2014.

  • Books in Brief

    Melting Away

    Science 19 December 2014: 1465.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa3325]

  • Books Received

    Science 19 December 2014: 1465.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1465-b]

    A listing of books received at Science during the week ending 12 December 2014.

Policy Forum

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  • Cell Biology

    Fixing problems with cell lines

    • Jon R. Lorsch,
    • Francis S. Collins,
    • and Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
    Science 19 December 2014: 1452-1453.[DOI:10.1126/science.1259110]

    Technologies and policies can improve authentication

Perspectives

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  • Immunology

    Retroviral help for B cells

    • Emilie K. Grasset and
    • Andrea Cerutti
    Science 19 December 2014: 1454-1455.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa3263]

    Silent retroviruses present in the human genome help B cells launch a rapid response to pathogenic antigens [Also see Research Article by Zeng et al.]

  • Protein Design

    What I cannot create, I do not understand

    • Andrei N. Lupas
    Science 19 December 2014: 1455-1456.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa2721]

    A designed protein transports ions across a membrane [Also see Report by Joh et al.]

  • Biochemistry

    More than fine tuning

    • Peter Hildebrandt
    Science 19 December 2014: 1456-1457.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa2878]

    Local electric fields accelerate an enzymatic reaction [Also see Report by Fried et al.]

  • Cancer

    For pediatric glioma, leave no histone unturned

    • Oren J. Becher and
    • Robert J. Wechsler-Reya
    Science 19 December 2014: 1458-1459.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa3814]

    Examining histone mutations points to possible therapies for a lethal brain tumor [Also see Report by Funato et al.]

  • Cancer

    Malicious exosomes

    • Eleni Anastasiadou and
    • Frank J. Slack
    Science 19 December 2014: 1459-1460.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa4024]

    Nanovesicles derived from cells of cancer patients carry microRNAs that initiate tumor growth in normal cells

  • Climate

    Projecting regional change

    • Alex Hall
    Science 19 December 2014: 1461-1462.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa0629]

    How accurate are regional projections of climate change derived from downscaling global climate model results?

Association Affairs

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  • Presidential Address

    Meeting global challenges: Discovery and innovation through convergence

    • Phillip A. Sharp
    Science 19 December 2014: 1468-1471.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa3192]

    Integrate biology, physics, engineering, and social science to innovate

  • AAAS News and Notes

    Science 19 December 2014: 1473-1475.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1473]

Research Articles

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  • Evolution of oligomeric state through allosteric pathways that mimic ligand binding

    • Tina Perica,
    • Yasushi Kondo,
    • Sandhya P. Tiwari,
    • Stephen H. McLaughlin,
    • Katherine R. Kemplen,
    • Xiuwei Zhang,
    • Annette Steward,
    • Nathalie Reuter,
    • Jane Clarke,
    • and Sarah A. Teichmann
    Science 19 December 2014: 1254346[DOI:10.1126/science.1254346]

    Mutations can alter protein conformations in the same way that allosteric small molecules do.

  • Patient-derived models of acquired resistance can identify effective drug combinations for cancer

    • Adam S. Crystal,
    • Alice T. Shaw,
    • Lecia V. Sequist,
    • Luc Friboulet,
    • Matthew J. Niederst,
    • Elizabeth L. Lockerman,
    • Rosa L. Frias,
    • Justin F. Gainor,
    • Arnaud Amzallag,
    • Patricia Greninger,
    • Dana Lee,
    • Anuj Kalsy,
    • Maria Gomez-Caraballo,
    • Leila Elamine,
    • Emily Howe,
    • Wooyoung Hur,
    • Eugene Lifshits,
    • Hayley E. Robinson,
    • Ryohei Katayama,
    • Anthony C. Faber,
    • Mark M. Awad,
    • Sridhar Ramaswamy,
    • Mari Mino-Kenudson,
    • A. John Iafrate,
    • Cyril H. Benes,
    • and Jeffrey A. Engelman
    Science 19 December 2014: 1480-1486.Published online 13 November 2014 [DOI:10.1126/science.1254721]

    Secondary chemotherapies can be developed by screening drug-resistant cells from individual cancer patients.

  • MAVS, cGAS, and endogenous retroviruses in T-independent B cell responses

    • Ming Zeng,
    • Zeping Hu,
    • Xiaolei Shi,
    • Xiaohong Li,
    • Xiaoming Zhan,
    • Xiao-Dong Li,
    • Jianhui Wang,
    • Jin Huk Choi,
    • Kuan-wen Wang,
    • Tiana Purrington,
    • Miao Tang,
    • Maggy Fina,
    • Ralph J. DeBerardinis,
    • Eva Marie Y. Moresco,
    • Gabriel Pedersen,
    • Gerald M. McInerney,
    • Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam,
    • Zhijian J. Chen,
    • and Bruce Beutler
    Science 19 December 2014: 1486-1492.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1486]

    Endogenous retroviruses materially contribute to humoral immunity in mice. [Also see Perspective by Grasset and Cerutti]

Reports

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  • Toward control of electron transfer in donor-acceptor molecules by bond-specific infrared excitation

    • Milan Delor,
    • Paul A. Scattergood,
    • Igor V. Sazanovich,
    • Anthony W. Parker,
    • Gregory M. Greetham,
    • Anthony J. H. M. Meijer,
    • Michael Towrie,
    • and Julia A. Weinstein
    Science 19 December 2014: 1492-1495.[DOI:10.1126/science.1259995]

    Vibrational excitation can modulate electron transfer probabilities in real time.

  • One-pot room-temperature conversion of cyclohexane to adipic acid by ozone and UV light

    • Kuo Chu Hwang and
    • Arunachalam Sagadevan
    Science 19 December 2014: 1495-1498.[DOI:10.1126/science.1259684]

    A photochemical route to a nylon precursor could prove more environmentally benign than current approaches.

  • Catalytically active Au-O(OH)x- species stabilized by alkali ions on zeolites and mesoporous oxides

    • Ming Yang,
    • Sha Li,
    • Yuan Wang,
    • Jeffrey A. Herron,
    • Ye Xu,
    • Lawrence F. Allard,
    • Sungsik Lee,
    • Jun Huang,
    • Manos Mavrikakis,
    • and Maria Flytzani-Stephanopoulos
    Science 19 December 2014: 1498-1501.Published online 27 November 2014 [DOI:10.1126/science.1260526]

    Alkali atoms help disperse catalytically active gold on high–surface-area alumina and silica supports.

  • Element-specific anisotropic growth of shaped platinum alloy nanocrystals

    • Lin Gan,
    • Chunhua Cui,
    • Marc Heggen,
    • Fabio Dionigi,
    • Stefan Rudi,
    • and Peter Strasser
    Science 19 December 2014: 1502-1506.[DOI:10.1126/science.1261212]

    Platinum-rich phases that initially form create the edges and corners of octahedral nanoparticle alloys.

  • Direct observation of closed magnetic flux trapped in the high-latitude magnetosphere

    • R. C. Fear,
    • S. E. Milan,
    • R. Maggiolo,
    • A. N. Fazakerley,
    • I. Dandouras,
    • and S. B. Mende
    Science 19 December 2014: 1506-1510.[DOI:10.1126/science.1257377]

    Plasma observed in magnetotail lobes results from trapped magnetic flux and is also manifested as transpolar arc auroras.

  • Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase

    • Stephen D. Fried,
    • Sayan Bagchi,
    • and Steven G. Boxer
    Science 19 December 2014: 1510-1514.[DOI:10.1126/science.1259802]

    Vibrational spectroscopy pinpoints a surprisingly large local electric field where an enzyme binds its substrate. [Also see Perspective by Hildebrandt]

  • A stagnation event in the deep South Atlantic during the last interglacial period

    • Christopher T. Hayes,
    • Alfredo Martínez-García,
    • Adam P. Hasenfratz,
    • Samuel L. Jaccard,
    • David A. Hodell,
    • Daniel M. Sigman,
    • Gerald H. Haug,
    • and Robert F. Anderson
    Science 19 December 2014: 1514-1517.[DOI:10.1126/science.1256620]

    Southern Hemisphere deep water formation stuttered during the last interglacial period.

  • Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes

    • Guillaume Chapron,
    • Petra Kaczensky,
    • John D. C. Linnell,
    • Manuela von Arx,
    • Djuro Huber,
    • Henrik Andrén,
    • José Vicente López-Bao,
    • Michal Adamec,
    • Francisco Álvares,
    • Ole Anders,
    • Linas Balčiauskas,
    • Vaidas Balys,
    • Péter Bedő,
    • Ferdinand Bego,
    • Juan Carlos Blanco,
    • Urs Breitenmoser,
    • Henrik Brøseth,
    • Luděk Bufka,
    • Raimonda Bunikyte,
    • Paolo Ciucci,
    • Alexander Dutsov,
    • Thomas Engleder,
    • Christian Fuxjäger,
    • Claudio Groff,
    • Katja Holmala,
    • Bledi Hoxha,
    • Yorgos Iliopoulos,
    • Ovidiu Ionescu,
    • Jasna Jeremić,
    • Klemen Jerina,
    • Gesa Kluth,
    • Felix Knauer,
    • Ilpo Kojola,
    • Ivan Kos,
    • Miha Krofel,
    • Jakub Kubala,
    • Saša Kunovac,
    • Josip Kusak,
    • Miroslav Kutal,
    • Olof Liberg,
    • Aleksandra Majić,
    • Peep Männil,
    • Ralph Manz,
    • Eric Marboutin,
    • Francesca Marucco,
    • Dime Melovski,
    • Kujtim Mersini,
    • Yorgos Mertzanis,
    • Robert W. Mysłajek,
    • Sabina Nowak,
    • John Odden,
    • Janis Ozolins,
    • Guillermo Palomero,
    • Milan Paunović,
    • Jens Persson,
    • Hubert Potočnik,
    • Pierre-Yves Quenette,
    • Georg Rauer,
    • Ilka Reinhardt,
    • Robin Rigg,
    • Andreas Ryser,
    • Valeria Salvatori,
    • Tomaž Skrbinšek,
    • Aleksandar Stojanov,
    • Jon E. Swenson,
    • László Szemethy,
    • Aleksandër Trajçe,
    • Elena Tsingarska-Sedefcheva,
    • Martin Váňa,
    • Rauno Veeroja,
    • Petter Wabakken,
    • Manfred Wölfl,
    • Sybille Wölfl,
    • Fridolin Zimmermann,
    • Diana Zlatanova,
    • and Luigi Boitani
    Science 19 December 2014: 1517-1519.[DOI:10.1126/science.1257553]

    Many populations of brown bears, lynx, grey wolves, and wolverines persist successfully outside protected areas in Europe.

  • De novo design of a transmembrane Zn2+-transporting four-helix bundle

    • Nathan H. Joh,
    • Tuo Wang,
    • Manasi P. Bhate,
    • Rudresh Acharya,
    • Yibing Wu,
    • Michael Grabe,
    • Mei Hong,
    • Gevorg Grigoryan,
    • and William F. DeGrado
    Science 19 December 2014: 1520-1524.[DOI:10.1126/science.1261172]

    Computational design yields a transmembrane protein that selectively transports zinc cations. [Also see Perspective by Lupas]

  • A designed supramolecular protein assembly with in vivo enzymatic activity

    • Woon Ju Song and
    • F. Akif Tezcan
    Science 19 December 2014: 1525-1528.[DOI:10.1126/science.1259680]

    A monomeric redox protein can be engineered into a tetrameric β-lactamase that confers antibiotic resistance in vivo.

  • Use of human embryonic stem cells to model pediatric gliomas with H3.3K27M histone mutation

    • Kosuke Funato,
    • Tamara Major,
    • Peter W. Lewis,
    • C. David Allis,
    • and Viviane Tabar
    Science 19 December 2014: 1529-1533.Published online 20 November 2014 [DOI:10.1126/science.1253799]

    A stem cell model of a lethal brain tumor in children shows how a recurrent histone mutation leads to cancer. [Also see Perspective by Becher and Wechsler-Reya]

  • Promoter architecture dictates cell-to-cell variability in gene expression

    • Daniel L. Jones,
    • Robert C. Brewster,
    • and Rob Phillips
    Science 19 December 2014: 1533-1536.[DOI:10.1126/science.1255301]

    Changes to regulatory DNA tune gene expression noise in a quantitatively predictable way.

  • Detection of self-reactive CD8+ T cells with an anergic phenotype in healthy individuals

    • Yuka Maeda,
    • Hiroyoshi Nishikawa,
    • Daisuke Sugiyama,
    • Danbee Ha,
    • Masahide Hamaguchi,
    • Takuro Saito,
    • Megumi Nishioka,
    • James B. Wing,
    • Dennis Adeegbe,
    • Ichiro Katayama,
    • and Shimon Sakaguchi
    Science 19 December 2014: 1536-1540.[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa1292]

    Healthy individuals harbor “silenced” self-reactive T cells.

Technical Comments

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  • Comment on “A 12-million-year temperature history of the tropical Pacific Ocean”

    • Ana Christina Ravelo,
    • Kira Trillium Lawrence,
    • Alexey Fedorov,
    • and Heather Louise Ford
    Science 19 December 2014: 1467.[DOI:10.1126/science.1257618]

  • Response to Comment on “A 12-million-year temperature history of the tropical Pacific Ocean”

    • Yi Ge Zhang,
    • Mark Pagani,
    • and Zhonghui Liu
    Science 19 December 2014: 1467.[DOI:10.1126/science.1257930]

Erratum

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  • ERRATUM

    Erratum for the Perspective: “Mathematical models for emerging disease” by A. Dobson

    Science 19 December 2014: aaa4792[DOI:10.1126/science.aaa4792]

From the AAAS Office of Publishing and Member Services

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  • CUSTOM PUBLISHING OFFICE SPONSORED SUPPLEMENT

    The Chinese Research Paradigm: Addressing Global Science Issues

    Science 19 December 2014: 1569.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1569-c]
  • CUSTOM PUBLISHING OFFICE SPONSORED SUPPLEMENT

    The Art and Science of Traditional Medicine Part 1: TCM Today — A Case for Integration

    Science 19 December 2014: 1569.[DOI:10.1126/science.346.6216.1569-d]
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