Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems
- 1 Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
- 2 Department of Marine Ecology, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg 566, 450 34 Fiskebc̈ckskil, Sweden.
- ↵* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: diaz{at}vims.edu
Abstract
Dead zones in the coastal oceans have spread exponentially since the 1960s and have serious consequences for ecosystem functioning. The formation of dead zones has been exacerbated by the increase in primary production and consequent worldwide coastal eutrophication fueled by riverine runoff of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels. Enhanced primary production results in an accumulation of particulate organic matter, which encourages microbial activity and the consumption of dissolved oxygen in bottom waters. Dead zones have now been reported from more than 400 systems, affecting a total area of more than 245,000 square kilometers, and are probably a key stressor on marine ecosystems.
- Received for publication 12 February 2008.
- Accepted for publication 2 June 2008.
