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Contents

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  • EDITORIAL:

    An Uncertain Call to Arms

    • Claire M. Fraser
    Science 16 April 2004: 359.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.359]
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  • New Products

    Science 16 April 2004: 455.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.455]

News of the Week

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  • GENOMICS

    New Global Database Lends a Hand to Gene Hunters

    • Dennis Normile
    Science 16 April 2004: 368.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.368a]
  • FRANCE

    Jobs Promised, Strike Aborted

    • Barbara Casassus
    Science 16 April 2004: 368.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.368b]
  • ARCHAEOLOGY

    Oldest Beads Suggest Early Symbolic Behavior

    • Constance Holden
    Science 16 April 2004: 369.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.369]
  • GLOBAL CHANGE

    A Slowing Cog in the North Atlantic Ocean's Climate Machine

    • Richard A. Kerr
    Science 16 April 2004: 371-372.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.371a]
  • BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

    Why Male Bowerbirds Decorate As Well As Dance

    • Virginia Morell
    Science 16 April 2004: 372.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.372]
  • BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

    Songbirds Check Compass Against Sunset to Stay on Course

    • Erik Stokstad
    Science 16 April 2004: 373.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.373a]
  • CHINA

    Underground Detector Proposed to Join Hunt for Gravitational Waves

    • Ding Yimin
    Science 16 April 2004: 375.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.375]
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News Focus

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  • 10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID

    Realigning South Africa's Science

    • Charlene Crabb
    Science 16 April 2004: 376-377.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.376]
  • 10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID

    New South Africa Puts Emphasis on Reclaiming Humanity's Past

    • John Bohannon
    Science 16 April 2004: 377-378.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.377]
  • 10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID

    Astronomers Attempt to Stay in the Big League

    • Charlene Crabb
    Science 16 April 2004: 378-380.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.378]
  • 10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID

    South Africa's Own Shooting Star

    • John Bohannon
    Science 16 April 2004: 379.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.379]
  • 10 YEARS AFTER APARTHEID

    Earth Sciences Seek Niche Apart From Mining Industry

    • John Bohannon
    Science 16 April 2004: 380-381.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.380]
  • EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DIVERSITY MEETING

    The Genes That Change the Cichlid Jaws

    • Elizabeth Pennisi
    Science 16 April 2004: 383.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.383a]
  • EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DIVERSITY MEETING

    Japanese Catch of the Day

    • Elizabeth Pennisi
    Science 16 April 2004: 383-384.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.383b]
  • EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DIVERSITY MEETING

    RNAi Takes Evo-Devo World by Storm

    • Elizabeth Pennisi
    Science 16 April 2004: 384.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.384]
  • SPACE SCIENCE

    Gravity Probe to Give Einstein a Pricey High-Precision Test

    • Charles Seife
    Science 16 April 2004: 385.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.385]

Letters

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  • This Week's Letters

    Science 16 April 2004: 388.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.388a]

  • Future Global Warming Scenarios

    • Wallace S. Broecker
    Science 16 April 2004: 388.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.388b]

  • Human Being Redux

    • Michael S. Gazzaniga
    Science 16 April 2004: 388-389.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.388c]

  • The Science Behind Forensic Science

    • Joseph P. Polski
    Science 16 April 2004: 389.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.389a]

  • Testing Genome Complexity

    • Alexander E. Vinogradov
    1. Response from
      • Michael Lynch and
      • John S. Conery
    Science 16 April 2004: 389-390.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.389b]

  • Corrections and Clarifications

    Science 16 April 2004: 390.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.390a]

Books

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  • ENVIRONMENT

    Human Impact on the Chinese Landscape: A review by J. R. McNeill*

    • J. R. McNeill
    Science 16 April 2004: 391-392.[DOI:10.1126/science.1096803]
  • ENVIRONMENT

    Smoke No Longer Gets in Your Eyes: A review by A. Scott Henderson*

    • A. Scott Henderson
    Science 16 April 2004: 392.[DOI:10.1126/science.1096802]

  • Books Received

    Science 16 April 2004: 392.[DOI:10.1126/science.304.5669.392b]

Policy Forum

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  • ECOLOGY

    Managing Soil Carbon

    • Rattan Lal,
    • Michael Griffin,
    • Jay Apt,
    • Lester Lave,
    • and M. Granger Morgan
    Science 16 April 2004: 393.[DOI:10.1126/science.1093079]

Perspectives

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  • CELL BIOLOGY

    A Well-Stocked Pool

    • Irwin B. Levitan
    Science 16 April 2004: 394-395.[DOI:10.1126/science.1097507]
  • ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

    An Iron Deficiency in Polar Mesospheric Clouds

    • Donald M. Hunten
    Science 16 April 2004: 395-396.[DOI:10.1126/science.1097150]
  • OCEAN SCIENCE

    Ironing Out Algal Issues in the Southern Ocean

    • Philip Boyd
    Science 16 April 2004: 396-397.[DOI:10.1126/science.1092677]
  • GENOMICS

    Beyond Nature and Nurture

    • Gene E. Robinson
    Science 16 April 2004: 397-399.[DOI:10.1126/science.1095766]
  • ASTRONOMY

    Unveiling the Formation of Massive Galaxies

    • Christopher J. Conselice
    Science 16 April 2004: 399-400.[DOI:10.1126/science.1096542]
  • OCEAN SCIENCE

    Global Warming and the Next Ice Age

    • Andrew J. Weaver and
    • Claude Hillaire-Marcel
    Science 16 April 2004: 400-402.[DOI:10.1126/science.1096503]
  • ECOLOGY

    How "Virgin" Is Virgin Rainforest?

    • K. J. Willis,
    • L. Gillson,
    • and T. M. Brncic
    Science 16 April 2004: 402-403.[DOI:10.1126/science.1093991]

Brevia

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  • Middle Stone Age Shell Beads from South Africa

    • Christopher Henshilwood,
    • Francesco d'Errico,
    • Marian Vanhaeren,
    • Karen van Niekerk,
    • and Zenobia Jacobs
    Science 16 April 2004: 404.[DOI:10.1126/science.1095905]

    A cave in South Africa contains evidence that humans manufactured ornamental shell jewelry about 80,000 years ago.

Research Articles

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  • Migrating Songbirds Recalibrate Their Magnetic Compass Daily from Twilight Cues

    • William W. Cochran,
    • Henrik Mouritsen,
    • and Martin Wikelski
    Science 16 April 2004: 405-408.[DOI:10.1126/science.1095844]

    Free-flying migrating songbirds use the daily sunset to adjust their internal directional compass, enabling them to navigate by Earth's spatially variable magnetic field.

  • Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment: Carbon Cycling in High- and Low-Si Waters

    • Kenneth H. Coale,
    • Kenneth S. Johnson,
    • Francisco P. Chavez,
    • Ken O. Buesseler,
    • Richard T. Barber,
    • Mark A. Brzezinski,
    • William P. Cochlan,
    • Frank J. Millero,
    • Paul G. Falkowski,
    • James E. Bauer,
    • Rik H. Wanninkhof,
    • Raphael M. Kudela,
    • Mark A. Altabet,
    • Burke E. Hales,
    • Taro Takahashi,
    • Michael R. Landry,
    • Robert R. Bidigare,
    • Xiujun Wang,
    • Zanna Chase,
    • Pete G. Strutton,
    • Gernot E. Friederich,
    • Maxim Y. Gorbunov,
    • Veronica P. Lance,
    • Anna K. Hilting,
    • Michael R. Hiscock,
    • Mark Demarest,
    • William T. Hiscock,
    • Kevin F. Sullivan,
    • Sara J. Tanner,
    • R. Mike Gordon,
    • Craig N. Hunter,
    • Virginia A. Elrod,
    • Steve E. Fitzwater,
    • Janice L. Jones,
    • Sasha Tozzi,
    • Michal Koblizek,
    • Alice E. Roberts,
    • Julian Herndon,
    • Jodi Brewster,
    • Nicolas Ladizinsky,
    • Geoffrey Smith,
    • David Cooper,
    • David Timothy,
    • Susan L. Brown,
    • Karen E. Selph,
    • Cecelia C. Sheridan,
    • Benjamin S. Twining,
    • and Zackary I. Johnson
    Science 16 April 2004: 408-414.[DOI:10.1126/science.1089778]

    Iron fertilization of surface waters in the Southern Ocean caused increased uptake of atmospheric CO2 in regions with both high and low silicate concentrations.

Reports

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  • The Effects of Iron Fertilization on Carbon Sequestration in the Southern Ocean

    • Ken O. Buesseler,
    • John E. Andrews,
    • Steven M. Pike,
    • and Matthew A. Charette
    Science 16 April 2004: 414-417.[DOI:10.1126/science.1086895]

    Measurements of radioactive 234Th near the ocean's surface show that iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean can produce an increase in the settlement rate of carbon-rich particles onto the ocean floor.

  • Robotic Observations of Enhanced Carbon Biomass and Export at 55°S During SOFeX

    • James K. B. Bishop,
    • Todd J. Wood,
    • Russ E. Davis,
    • and Jeffrey T. Sherman
    Science 16 April 2004: 417-420.[DOI:10.1126/science.1087717]

    Automatic sampling of Southern Ocean water from the surface to 1000 meters showed that iron fertilization enhanced carbon settlement.

  • Vortex Core-Driven Magnetization Dynamics

    • S.-B. Choe,
    • Y. Acremann,
    • A. Scholl,
    • A. Bauer,
    • A. Doran,
    • J. Stöhr,
    • and H. A. Padmore
    Science 16 April 2004: 420-422.[DOI:10.1126/science.1095068]

    A new x-ray imaging approach reveals nanometer-scale magnetic vortices in a patterned magnetic film and shows that these control magnetization at the micrometer scale.

  • Ultrahigh Strength and High Electrical Conductivity in Copper

    • Lei Lu,
    • Yongfeng Shen,
    • Xianhua Chen,
    • Lihua Qian,
    • and K. Lu
    Science 16 April 2004: 422-426.Published online 18 March 2004 [DOI:10.1126/science.1092905]

    Copper synthesized with many paired nanocrystals retains its conductivity, in contrast to the case with other strengthening procedures.

  • Removal of Meteoric Iron on Polar Mesospheric Clouds

    • John M. C. Plane,
    • Benjamin J. Murray,
    • Xinzhao Chu,
    • and Chester S. Gardner
    Science 16 April 2004: 426-428.[DOI:10.1126/science.1093236]

    Ice particles in polar clouds in Earth's upper atmosphere above the poles efficiently collect iron atoms evaporated from meteorites.

  • A Functional Protein Chip for Pathway Optimization and in Vitro Metabolic Engineering

    • Gyoo Yeol Jung and
    • Gregory Stephanopoulos
    Science 16 April 2004: 428-431.[DOI:10.1126/science.1096920]

    The five-enzyme pathway for trehalose synthesis was optimized by binding controlled amounts of enzyme mRNA fusion molecules to a protein chip spotted with immobilized DNA.

  • Functional Stoichiometry and Local Enrichment of Calmodulin Interacting with Ca2+ Channels

    • Masayuki X. Mori,
    • Michael G. Erickson,
    • and David T. Yue
    Science 16 April 2004: 432-435.[DOI:10.1126/science.1093490]

    Only one of the many calcium-binding proteins clustered at the mouth of a calcium channel is needed to prevent ion flow.

  • Reconstitution of Ca2+-Regulated Membrane Fusion by Synaptotagmin and SNAREs

    • Ward C. Tucker,
    • Thomas Weber,
    • and Edwin R. Chapman
    Science 16 April 2004: 435-438.Published online 25 March 2004 [DOI:10.1126/science.1097196]

    In a test-tube reconstitution of natural exocytosis, lipid vesicles fuse in a calcium-dependent fashion when two types of synaptic proteins are included in the mix.

  • Integration of Word Meaning and World Knowledge in Language Comprehension

    • Peter Hagoort,
    • Lea Hald,
    • Marcel Bastiaansen,
    • and Karl Magnus Petersson
    Science 16 April 2004: 438-441.Published online 18 March 2004 [DOI:10.1126/science.1095455]

    One region of the brain simultaneously determines whether a sentence is logically sensible and whether it is true.

  • Complete Genome Sequence of the Apicomplexan, Cryptosporidium parvum

    • Mitchell S. Abrahamsen,
    • Thomas J. Templeton,
    • Shinichiro Enomoto,
    • Juan E. Abrahante,
    • Guan Zhu,
    • Cheryl A. Lancto,
    • Mingqi Deng,
    • Chang Liu,
    • Giovanni Widmer,
    • Saul Tzipori,
    • Gregory A. Buck,
    • Ping Xu,
    • Alan T. Bankier,
    • Paul H. Dear,
    • Bernard A. Konfortov,
    • Helen F. Spriggs,
    • Lakshminarayan Iyer,
    • Vivek Anantharaman,
    • L. Aravind,
    • and Vivek Kapur
    Science 16 April 2004: 441-445.Published online 25 March 2004 [DOI:10.1126/science.1094786]

    The intestinal parasite Cryptosporidium parvum lacks several common biochemical pathways and intracellular organelles and thus must rely on its host for nutrients.

  • Genetic Dissection of Complex Traits with Chromosome Substitution Strains of Mice

    • Jonathan B. Singer,
    • Annie E. Hill,
    • Lindsay C. Burrage,
    • Keith R. Olszens,
    • Junghan Song,
    • Monica Justice,
    • William E. O'Brien,
    • David V. Conti,
    • John S. Witte,
    • Eric S. Lander,
    • and Joseph H. Nadeau
    Science 16 April 2004: 445-448.Published online 18 March 2004 [DOI:10.1126/science.1093139]

    Twenty-two mouse strains, genetically identical except for a single substituted chromosome, are used to locate regions contributing to such traits as obesity and anxiety.

  • ABAD Directly Links Aß to Mitochondrial Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease

    • Joyce W. Lustbader,
    • Maurizio Cirilli,
    • Chang Lin,
    • Hong Wei Xu,
    • Kazuhiro Takuma,
    • Ning Wang,
    • Casper Caspersen,
    • Xi Chen,
    • Susan Pollak,
    • Michael Chaney,
    • Fabrizio Trinchese,
    • Shumin Liu,
    • Frank Gunn-Moore,
    • Lih-Fen Lue,
    • Douglas G. Walker,
    • Periannan Kuppusamy,
    • Zay L. Zewier,
    • Ottavio Arancio,
    • David Stern,
    • Shirley ShiDu Yan,
    • and Hao Wu
    Science 16 April 2004: 448-452.[DOI:10.1126/science.1091230]

    Amyloid beta protein can kill neurons by invading mitochondria and binding to an essential enzyme, but this can be blocked with a peptide derived from the enzyme.

  • Dissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning

    • John O'Doherty,
    • Peter Dayan,
    • Johannes Schultz,
    • Ralf Deichmann,
    • Karl Friston,
    • and Raymond J. Dolan
    Science 16 April 2004: 452-454.[DOI:10.1126/science.1094285]

    The human brain region that associates an action with a particular reward outcome differs from the one that modifies the behavior in accord with expectation.

Technical Comments

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  • Comment on "Oceanic Rossby Waves Acting As a `Hay Rake' for Ecosystem Floating By-Products"

    • Peter D. Killworth
    Science 16 April 2004: 390.[DOI:10.1126/science.1094870]

  • Response to Comment on "Oceanic Rossby Waves Acting As a `Hay Rake' for Ecosystem Floating By-Products"

    • Yves Dandonneau,
    • Christophe Menkes,
    • Thomas Gorgues,
    • and Gurvan Madec
    Science 16 April 2004: 390.[DOI:10.1126/science.1095997]
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