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Science 3 December 2004:
Vol. 306. no. 5702, p. 1686
DOI: 10.1126/science.1103618

Essays on Science and Society

Also see the archival list of the Essays on Science and Society.

BEYOND THE IVORY TOWER:
The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change

Naomi Oreskes

Policy-makers and the public who are not members of the relevant research community have had to form opinions about the reality of global climate change on the basis of often conflicting descriptions provided by the media regarding the level of scientific certainty attached to studies of climate. In this Essay, Oreskes analyzes the existing scientific literature to show that there is a robust consensus that anthropogenic global climate change is occurring. Thus, despite claims sometimes made by some groups that there is not good evidence that Earth's climate is being affected by human activities, the scientific community is in overwhelming agreement that such evidence is clear and persuasive.


The author is in the Department of History and Science Studies Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. E-mail: noreskes{at}ucsd.edu

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THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Risk, Stress, and Capacity: Explaining Metropolitan Commitment to Climate Protection.
S. Zahran, H. Grover, S. D. Brody, and A. Vedlitz (2008)
Urban Affairs Review 43, 447-474
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Examining the Relationship Between Physical Vulnerability and Public Perceptions of Global Climate Change in the United States.
S. D. Brody, S. Zahran, A. Vedlitz, and H. Grover (2008)
Environment and Behavior 40, 72-95
   Abstract »    PDF »
Emerging health issues: the widening challenge for population health promotion.
A. J. McMichael and C. D. Butler (2006)
Health Promot. Int. 21, 15-24
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Climate change: Conflict of observational science, theory, and politics: Discussion.
B. Lovell (2006)
AAPG Bulletin 90, 405-407
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Climate change: Conflict of observational science, theory, and politics: Reply.
L. C. Gerhard (2006)
AAPG Bulletin 90, 409-412
   Full Text »    PDF »
Book review: The discovery of global warming.
R. Wilby (2006)
Progress in Physical Geography 30, 141-142
   PDF »



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