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Science 15 November 2002:
Vol. 298. no. 5597, pp. 1337 - 1338
DOI: 10.1126/science.1074447
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Policy Forum

Also see the archival list of Science's Compass: Enhanced Perspectives

GENETICS:
Enhanced: Toward a New Vocabulary of Human Genetic Variation

Pamela Sankar and Mildred K. Cho

This paper proposes a new framework for engaging in a dialogue about the validity of race as a variable genetic variation research. Rather than arguing for or against race, or proposing a substitute such as genetic markers or ethnicity, the paper asks researchers to carefully consider for what purpose they are using race, to define and use the term consistently, and to be aware that race is not a fixed biological entity, but only one way among many to describe human variation.

P. Sankar is at the Center for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308, USA. E-mail: sankarp{at}mail.med.upenn.edu. M. K. Cho is at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. E-mail: micho{at}stanford.edu

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THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Comparing Genetic Ancestry and Self-Described Race in African Americans Born in the United States and in Africa.
R. Yaeger, A. Avila-Bront, K. Abdul, P. C. Nolan, V. R. Grann, M. G. Birchette, S. Choudhry, E. G. Burchard, K. B. Beckman, P. Gorroochurn, et al. (2008)
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17, 1329-1338
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Standardization of Race and Ethnicity in Biomedical Science Editorials and UK Biobanks.
A. Smart, R. Tutton, P. Martin, G. T.H. Ellison, and R. Ashcroft (2008)
Social Studies of Science 38, 407-423
   Abstract »    PDF »
Genes, Race, and Population: Avoiding a Collision of Categories.
J. Kahn (2006)
Am J Public Health 96, 1965-1970
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Racial and Ethnic Categories in Biomedical Research: There is no Baby in the Bathwater.
M. K. Cho (2006)
J. Law Med. Ethics 34, 497-499
   PDF »
Interpreting Disparate Responses to Cancer Therapy: The Role of Human Population Genetics.
M. L. Maitland, A. DiRienzo, and M. J. Ratain (2006)
J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 2151-2157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ethical issues in medical-sequencing research: implications of genotype-phenotype studies for individuals and populations..
M. W. Foster and R. R. Sharp (2006)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, R45-R49
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Epidemiology: the Value of Population Differences.
M. E. Martinez (2006)
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15, 6
   Full Text »    PDF »
Diuretics Are Color Blind.
J. D. Neaton and L. H. Kuller (2005)
JAMA 293, 1663-1666
   Full Text »    PDF »
Moving toward whole-genome analysis: A technology perspective.
T. Kreiner and K. T. Buck (2005)
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 62, 296-305
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Bitter Perception and Sweet Preferences.
J. A. Mennella, M. Y. Pepino, and D. R. Reed (2005)
Pediatrics 115, e216-e222
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Factors Contributing to Individual Differences in Sucrose Preference.
M. Y. Pepino and J. A. Mennella (2005)
Chem Senses 30, i319-i320
   Full Text »    PDF »
Measuring Race and Ethnicity: Why and How?.
M. A. Winker (2004)
JAMA 292, 1612-1614
   Full Text »    PDF »
Fear, Anxiety, Worry, and Breast Cancer Screening Behavior: A Critical Review.
N. S. Consedine, C. Magai, Y. S. Krivoshekova, L. Ryzewicz, and A. I. Neugut (2004)
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13, 501-510
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Importance of Race and Ethnic Background in Biomedical Research and Clinical Practice.
E. G. Burchard, E. Ziv, N. Coyle, S. L. Gomez, H. Tang, A. J. Karter, J. L. Mountain, E. J. Perez-Stable, D. Sheppard, and N. Risch (2003)
N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1170-1175
   Full Text »    PDF »


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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)