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Science 26 February 1999:
Vol. 283. no. 5406, pp. 1277 - 1278
DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5406.1277
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Perspectives

BIOMEDICINE:
A Gender Gap in Autoimmunity

Caroline C. Whitacre, Stephen C. Reingold, Patricia A. O'Looney, and the Task Force on Gender, Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmunity

There are many differences between men and women in their susceptibility to particular autoimmune diseases, the characteristics of the disease at onset, and disease severity. In a Perspective in this issue, Caroline Whitacre and her fellow members of the Task Force on Gender, Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmunity explain what we currently know about gender differences in autoimmunity and discuss priorities for future research.

C. Whitacre is in the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. E-mail: whitacre.3{at}osu.edu. S. C. Reingold and P. A. O'Looney are in the Research Programs Department, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY 10017, USA. E-mail: stephen.reingold{at}nmss.org and patricia.olooney{at}nmss.org. Task Force members: Caroline Whitacre, chair (Columbus), Elizabeth Blankenhorn (Philadelphia), Floyd Brinley (Bethesda), Elaine Collier (Bethesda), Pierre Duquette (Montreal), Howard Fox (La Jolla), Barbara Giesser (Tucson), Wendy Gilmore (Los Angeles), Robert Lahita (New York), J. Lee Nelson (Seattle), Patricia O'Looney (New York), Stephen Reingold (New York), Carol Reiss (New York), Peter Riskind (Boston), and Rhonda Voskuhl (Los Angeles).

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Management and outcome of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis.
M A Heneghan, S M Norris, J G O'Grady, P M Harrison, and I G McFarlane (2001)
Gut 48, 97-102
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Hypointense Lesions on T1-Weighted Spin-Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Relation to Clinical Characteristics in Subgroups of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis.
M. A. A. van Walderveen, G. J. Lycklama a Nijeholt, H. J. Ader, P. J. H. Jongen, C. H. Polman, J. A. Castelijns, and F. Barkhof (2001)
Arch Neurol 58, 76-81
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Hyalinosis and Ym1/Ym2 Gene Expression in the Stomach and Respiratory Tract of 129S4/SvJae and Wild-Type and CYP1A2-Null B6,129 Mice.
J. M. Ward, M. Yoon, M. R. Anver, D. C. Haines, G. Kudo, F. J. Gonzalez, and S. Kimura (2001)
Am. J. Pathol. 158, 323-332
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Oral contraceptives and the incidence of multiple sclerosis.
M. A. Hernan, M. J. Hohol, M. J. Olek, D. Spiegelman, and A. Ascherio (2000)
Neurology 55, 848-854
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Identification of Genetic Loci Controlling the Characteristics and Severity of Brain and Spinal Cord Lesions in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis.
R. J. Butterfield, E. P. Blankenhorn, R. J. Roper, J. F. Zachary, R. W. Doerge, and C. Teuscher (2000)
Am. J. Pathol. 157, 637-645
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Gender-Dependent IL-12 Secretion by APC Is Regulated by IL-10.
S. C. Wilcoxen, E. Kirkman, K. C. Dowdell, and S. A. Stohlman (2000)
J. Immunol. 164, 6237-6243
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In Vivo Effects of Sex Steroids on Lymphocyte Responsiveness and Immunoglobulin Levels in Humans.
E. J. Giltay, J. C. M. Fonk, B. M. E. von Blomberg, H. A. Drexhage, C. Schalkwijk, and L. J. G. Gooren (2000)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 1648-1657
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Decreased IL-12 Production Underlies the Decreased Ability of Male Lymph Node Cells to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
S. Kim and R. R. Voskuhl (1999)
J. Immunol. 162, 5561-5568
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