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Science 31 January 1997:
Vol. 275. no. 5300, pp. 628 - 630
DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5300.628
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Perspectives

Brian A. Hemmings

Many growth factors exert their effects on cells by simulating intracellular kinases, which add phosphate groups to proteins. Two reports on p. 661 and p. 665 of this week's issue implicate the oncogenic kinase Akt in IGF-1-mediated neuronal survival (Dudek et al.) and show how lipids can regulate the activity of Akt (Franke et al.). In his Perspective, Hemmings discusses these results and several other recent reports about Akt and its unique mode of activation by phospholipids.

The author is at the Friedrich Miescher Institute, Post Office Box 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. E-mail: hemmings{at}fmi.ch

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B. Wolozin and C. Behl (2000)
Arch Neurol 57, 801-804
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A Role for Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{alpha} in Bovine Sperm Motility Regulation.
S. Vijayaraghavan, J. Mohan, H. Gray, B. Khatra, and D. W. Carr (2000)
Biol Reprod 62, 1647-1654
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Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 3B Is a Downstream Target of Protein Kinase B and May Be Involved in Regulation of Effects of Protein Kinase B on Thymidine Incorporation in FDCP2 Cells.
F. Ahmad, L.-N. Cong, L. Stenson Holst, L.-M. Wang, T. Rahn Landstrom, J. H. Pierce, M. J. Quon, E. Degerman, and V. C. Manganiello (2000)
J. Immunol. 164, 4678-4688
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Cyclic Nucleotides Suppress Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha -Mediated Apoptosis by Inhibiting Caspase Activation and Cytochrome c Release in Primary Hepatocytes via a Mechanism Independent of Akt Activation.
J. Li, S. Yang, and T. R. Billiar (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 13026-13034
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Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta in Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Trophic Withdrawal.
M. Hetman, J. E. Cavanaugh, D. Kimelman, and Z. Xia (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 2567-2574
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Impaired Kit- but Not Fcepsilon RI-initiated Mast Cell Activation in the Absence of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase p85alpha Gene Products.
J. M. Lu-Kuo, D. A. Fruman, D. M. Joyal, L. C. Cantley, and H. R. Katz (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6022-6029
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Blocking the Common {gamma}-Chain of Cytokine Receptors Induces T Cell Apoptosis and Long-Term Islet Allograft Survival.
X. C. Li, A. Ima, Y. Li, X. X. Zheng, T. R. Malek, and T. B. Strom (2000)
J. Immunol. 164, 1193-1199
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Requirement for nitric oxide activation of p21ras/extracellular regulated kinase in neuronal ischemic preconditioning.
M. Gonzalez-Zulueta, A. B. Feldman, L. J. Klesse, R. G. Kalb, J. F. Dillman, L. F. Parada, T. M. Dawson, and V. L. Dawson (2000)
PNAS 9