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ReportsMulti-University Research Teams: Shifting Impact, Geography, and Stratification in Science 
This paper demonstrates that teamwork in science increasingly spans university boundaries, a dramatic shift in knowledge production that generalizes across virtually all fields of science, engineering, and social science. Moreover, elite universities play a dominant role in this shift. By examining 4.2 million papers published over three decades, we found that multi-university collaborations (i) are the fastest growing type of authorship structure, (ii) produce the highest-impact papers when they include a top-tier university, and (iii) are increasingly stratified by in-group university rank. Despite the rising frequency of research that crosses university boundaries, the intensification of social stratification in multi-university collaborations suggests a concentration of the production of scientific knowledge in fewer rather than more centers of high-impact science.
1 Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
2 National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. 3 Northwestern Institute on Complexity (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. 4 Haas School of Business, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. * These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Present address: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA. 
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)
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