Reports

Evolutionary Formation of New Centromeres in Macaque

Mario Ventura,^1* Francesca Antonacci,^1* Maria Francesca Cardone,¹ Roscoe Stanyon,² Pietro D'Addabbo,¹ Angelo Cellamare,¹ L. James Sprague,³ Evan E. Eichler,³ Nicoletta Archidiacono,¹ Mariano Rocchi¹

A systematic fluorescence in situ hybridization comparison of macaque and human synteny organization disclosed five additional macaque evolutionary new centromeres (ENCs) for a total of nine ENCs. To understand the dynamics of ENC formation and progression, we compared the ENC of macaque chromosome 4 with the human orthologous region, at 6q24.3, that conserves the ancestral genomic organization. A 250-kilobase segment was extensively duplicated around the macaque centromere. These duplications were strictly intrachromosomal. Our results suggest that novel centromeres may trigger only local duplication activity and that the absence of genes in the seeding region may have been important in ENC maintenance and progression.

¹ Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy.
² Department of Animal Biology and Genetics, University of Florence, Florence 50125, Italy.
³ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

^* These authors contributed equally to this work.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rocchi{at}biologia.uniba.it

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Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse.

C. M. Wade, E. Giulotto, S. Sigurdsson, M. Zoli, S. Gnerre, F. Imsland, T. L. Lear, D. L. Adelson, E. Bailey, R. R. Bellone, et al. (2009)
Science 326, 865-867
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Centromere repositioning in cucurbit species: Implication of the genomic impact from centromere activation and inactivation.

Y. Han, Z. Zhang, C. Liu, J. Liu, S. Huang, J. Jiang, and W. Jin (2009)
PNAS 106, 14937-14941
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New Insights into Centromere Organization and Evolution from the White-Cheeked Gibbon and Marmoset.

A. Cellamare, C.R. Catacchio, C. Alkan, G. Giannuzzi, F. Antonacci, M.F. Cardone, G. Della Valle, M. Malig, M. Rocchi, E.E. Eichler, et al. (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 1889-1900
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Evolutionary descent of a human chromosome 6 neocentromere: A jump back to 17 million years ago.

O. Capozzi, S. Purgato, P. D'Addabbo, N. Archidiacono, P. Battaglia, A. Baroncini, A. Capucci, R. Stanyon, G. Della Valle, and M. Rocchi (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 778-784
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Tracking the complex flow of chromosome rearrangements from the Hominoidea Ancestor to extant Hylobates and Nomascus Gibbons by high-resolution synteny mapping.

D. Misceo, O. Capozzi, R. Roberto, M. P. Dell'Oglio, M. Rocchi, R. Stanyon, and N. Archidiacono (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 1530-1537
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Rapid Evolution of Yeast Centromeres in the Absence of Drive.

D. Bensasson, M. Zarowiecki, A. Burt, and V. Koufopanou (2008)
Genetics 178, 2161-2167
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Segmental duplications and evolutionary plasticity at tumor chromosome break-prone regions.

E. Darai-Ramqvist, A. Sandlund, S. Muller, G. Klein, S. Imreh, and M. Kost-Alimova (2008)
Genome Res. 18, 370-379
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Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome.

Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Cons, R. A. Gibbs, J. Rogers, M. G. Katze, R. Bumgarner, G. M. Weinstock, E. R. Mardis, K. A. Remington, R. L. Strausberg, J. C. Venter, et al. (2007)
Science 316, 222-234
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