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Science 9 March 2007:
Vol. 315. no. 5817, pp. 1426 - 1429
DOI: 10.1126/science.1138581
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Reports

Odor Cues During Slow-Wave Sleep Prompt Declarative Memory Consolidation

Björn Rasch,1* Christian Büchel,2 Steffen Gais,1 Jan Born1*

Sleep facilitates memory consolidation. A widely held model assumes that this is because newly encoded memories undergo covert reactivation during sleep. We cued new memories in humans during sleep by presenting an odor that had been presented as context during prior learning, and so showed that reactivation indeed causes memory consolidation during sleep. Re-exposure to the odor during slow-wave sleep (SWS) improved the retention of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories but not of hippocampus-independent procedural memories. Odor re-exposure was ineffective during rapid eye movement sleep or wakefulness or when the odor had been omitted during prior learning. Concurring with these findings, functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant hippocampal activation in response to odor re-exposure during SWS.

1 Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160/23a, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
2 NeuroImage Nord, Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: born{at}kfg.uni-luebeck.de (J.B.); rasch{at}kfg.uni-luebeck.de (B.R.)

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