Reports

The Phosphothreonine Lyase Activity of a Bacterial Type III Effector Family

Hongtao Li,^* Hao Xu,^* Yan Zhou,^* Jie Zhang, Chengzu Long, Shuqin Li, She Chen, Jian-Min Zhou, Feng Shao

Pathogenic bacteria use the type III secretion system to deliver effector proteins into host cells to modulate the host signaling pathways. In this study, the Shigella type III effector OspF was shown to inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) [extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38]. OspF irreversibly removed phosphate groups from the phosphothreonine but not from the phosphotyrosine residue in the activation loop of MAPKs. Mass spectrometry revealed a mass loss of 98 daltons in p-Erk2, due to the abstraction of the proton concomitant with cleavage of the C-OP bond in the phosphothreonine residue. This unexpected enzymatic activity, termed phosphothreonine lyase, appeared specific for MAPKs and was shared by other OspF family members.

National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.

^* These authors contributed equally to this work.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: shaofeng{at}nibs.ac.cn

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A Legionella type IV effector activates the NF-{kappa}B pathway by phosphorylating the I{kappa}B family of inhibitors.

J. Ge, H. Xu, T. Li, Y. Zhou, Z. Zhang, S. Li, L. Liu, and F. Shao (2009)
PNAS 106, 13725-13730
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Innate Immunity in Plants: An Arms Race Between Pattern Recognition Receptors in Plants and Effectors in Microbial Pathogens.

T. Boller and S. Y. He (2009)
Science 324, 742-744
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A bacterial type III effector family uses the papain-like hydrolytic activity to arrest the host cell cycle.

Q. Yao, J. Cui, Y. Zhu, G. Wang, L. Hu, C. Long, R. Cao, X. Liu, N. Huang, S. Chen, et al. (2009)
PNAS 106, 3716-3721
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 3 and 6 Are Required for Full Priming of Stress Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana.

G. J.M. Beckers, M. Jaskiewicz, Y. Liu, W. R. Underwood, S. Y. He, S. Zhang, and U. Conrath (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 944-953
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Host-Directed Drug Targeting of Factors Hijacked by Pathogens.

A. Schwegmann and F. Brombacher (2008)
Science Signaling 1, re8
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Virulent Shigella flexneri subverts the host innate immune response through manipulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression.

B. Sperandio, B. Regnault, J. Guo, Z. Zhang, S. L. Stanley Jr., P. J. Sansonetti, and T. Pedron (2008)
J. Exp. Med. 205, 1121-1132
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Saccharomyces boulardii interferes with Shigella pathogenesis by postinvasion signaling events.

K. L. Mumy, X. Chen, C. P. Kelly, and B. A. McCormick (2008)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294, G599-G609
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Molecular Pathogenesis of Shigella spp.: Controlling Host Cell Signaling, Invasion, and Death by Type III Secretion.

G. N. Schroeder and H. Hilbi (2008)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 21, 134-156
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The NleE/OspZ Family of Effector Proteins Is Required for Polymorphonuclear Transepithelial Migration, a Characteristic Shared by Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri Infections.

D. V. Zurawski, K. L. Mumy, L. Badea, J. A. Prentice, E. L. Hartland, B. A. McCormick, and A. T. Maurelli (2008)
Infect. Immun. 76, 369-379
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