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Impact Features on Stardust: Implications for Comet 81P/Wild 2 Dust
Friedrich Hörz,1*Ron Bastien,2Janet Borg,3John P. Bradley,4John C. Bridges,5Donald E. Brownlee,6Mark J. Burchell,7Miaofang Chi,4Mark J. Cintala,1Zu Rong Dai,4Zahia Djouadi,3Gerardo Dominguez,8Thanasis E. Economou,9Sam A. J. Fairey,7Christine Floss,10Ian A. Franchi,5Giles A. Graham,4Simon F. Green,5Philipp Heck,11Peter Hoppe,11Joachim Huth,11Hope Ishii,4Anton T. Kearsley,12Jochen Kissel,13Jan Leitner,14Hugues Leroux,15Kuljeet Marhas,10Keiko Messenger,2Craig S. Schwandt,2Thomas H. See,2Christopher Snead,16Frank J. Stadermann, I,10Thomas Stephan,14Rhonda Stroud,17Nick Teslich,4Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez,18,19A. J. Tuzzolino,9David Troadec,20Peter Tsou,21Jack Warren,2Andrew Westphal,16Penelope Wozniakiewicz,12Ian Wright,5Ernst Zinner10
Particles emanating from comet 81P/Wild 2 collided with theStardust spacecraft at 6.1 kilometers per second, producinghypervelocity impact features on the collector surfaces thatwere returned to Earth. The morphologies of these surprisinglydiverse features were created by particles varying from densemineral grains to loosely bound, polymineralic aggregates rangingfrom tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in size.The cumulative size distribution of Wild 2 dust is shallowerthan that of comet Halley, yet steeper than that of comet Grigg-Skjellerup.
1 Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. 2 Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. 3 Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France. 4 Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. 5 Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. 6 Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7 Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK. 8 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093–0356, USA. 9 Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research, Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 10 Laboratory for Space Sciences, CB1105, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63160–4899, USA. 11 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Particle Chemistry Department, Post Office Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany. 12 Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK. 13 Max Planck Institut for Solar System Research, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany. 14 Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany. 15 Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés de l'Etat Solide, BAT C6, Université de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. 16 Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. 17 Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6360, Washington, DC 20375, USA. 18 Institute of Space Sciences, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya–CSIC, 08193 Barcelona, Spain. 19 Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. 20 Insitut d'Electronique de Microéelectronique et de Nanotechnologies, Université de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. 21 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91109–8099, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: friedrich.p.horz{at}jsc.nasa.gov
Michael F. A'Hearn (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1708.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1137083] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
PERSPECTIVE
Don S. Burnett (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1709.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1137084] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Don Brownlee, Peter Tsou, Jérôme Aléon, Conel M. O'D. Alexander, Tohru Araki, Sasa Bajt, Giuseppe A. Baratta, Ron Bastien, Phil Bland, Pierre Bleuet, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Adrian Brearley, F. Brenker, Sean Brennan, John C. Bridges, Nigel D. Browning, John R. Brucato, E. Bullock, Mark J. Burchell, Henner Busemann, Anna Butterworth, Marc Chaussidon, Allan Cheuvront, Miaofang Chi, Mark J. Cintala, B. C. Clark, Simon J. Clemett, George Cody, Luigi Colangeli, George Cooper, Patrick Cordier, C. Daghlian, Zurong Dai, Louis D'Hendecourt, Zahia Djouadi, Gerardo Dominguez, Tom Duxbury, Jason P. Dworkin, Denton S. Ebel, Thanasis E. Economou, Sirine Fakra, Sam A. J. Fairey, Stewart Fallon, Gianluca Ferrini, T. Ferroir, Holger Fleckenstein, Christine Floss, George Flynn, Ian A. Franchi, Marc Fries, Z. Gainsforth, J.-P. Gallien, Matt Genge, Mary K. Gilles, Philipe Gillet, Jamie Gilmour, Daniel P. Glavin, Matthieu Gounelle, Monica M. Grady, Giles A. Graham, P. G. Grant, Simon F. Green, Faustine Grossemy, Lawrence Grossman, Jeffrey N. Grossman, Yunbin Guan, Kenji Hagiya, Ralph Harvey, Philipp Heck, Gregory F. Herzog, Peter Hoppe, Friedrich Hörz, Joachim Huth, Ian D. Hutcheon, Konstantin Ignatyev, Hope Ishii, Motoo Ito, Damien Jacob, Chris Jacobsen, Stein Jacobsen, Steven Jones, David Joswiak, Amy Jurewicz, Anton T. Kearsley, Lindsay P. Keller, H. Khodja, A.L. David Kilcoyne, Jochen Kissel, Alexander Krot, Falko Langenhorst, Antonio Lanzirotti, Loan Le, Laurie A. Leshin, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, Hugues Leroux, Ming-Chang Liu, K. Luening, Ian Lyon, Glen MacPherson, Matthew A. Marcus, Kuljeet Marhas, Bernard Marty, Graciela Matrajt, Kevin McKeegan, Anders Meibom, Vito Mennella, Keiko Messenger, Scott Messenger, Takashi Mikouchi, Smail Mostefaoui, Tomoki Nakamura, T. Nakano, M. Newville, Larry R. Nittler, Ichiro Ohnishi, Kazumasa Ohsumi, Kyoko Okudaira, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, Russ Palma, Maria E. Palumbo, Robert O. Pepin, David Perkins, Murielle Perronnet, P. Pianetta, William Rao, Frans J. M. Rietmeijer, François Robert, D. Rost, Alessandra Rotundi, Robert Ryan, Scott A. Sandford, Craig S. Schwandt, Thomas H. See, Dennis Schlutter, J. Sheffield-Parker, Alexandre Simionovici, Steven Simon, I. Sitnitsky, Christopher J. Snead, Maegan K. Spencer, Frank J. Stadermann, Andrew Steele, Thomas Stephan, Rhonda Stroud, Jean Susini, S. R. Sutton, Y. Suzuki, Mitra Taheri, Susan Taylor, Nick Teslich, Kazu Tomeoka, Naotaka Tomioka, Alice Toppani, Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez, David Troadec, Akira Tsuchiyama, Anthony J. Tuzzolino, Tolek Tyliszczak, K. Uesugi, Michael Velbel, Joe Vellenga, E. Vicenzi, L. Vincze, Jack Warren, Iris Weber, Mike Weisberg, Andrew J. Westphal, Sue Wirick, Diane Wooden, Brigitte Wopenka, Penelope Wozniakiewicz, Ian Wright, Hikaru Yabuta, Hajime Yano, Edward D. Young, Richard N. Zare, Thomas Zega, Karen Ziegler, Laurent Zimmerman, Ernst Zinner, and Michael Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1711.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135840] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
REPORTS
Scott A. Sandford, Jérôme Aléon, Conel M. O'D. Alexander, Tohru Araki, Sasa Bajt, Giuseppe A. Baratta, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Donald E. Brownlee, John R. Brucato, Mark J. Burchell, Henner Busemann, Anna Butterworth, Simon J. Clemett, George Cody, Luigi Colangeli, George Cooper, Louis D'Hendecourt, Zahia Djouadi, Jason P. Dworkin, Gianluca Ferrini, Holger Fleckenstein, George J. Flynn, Ian A. Franchi, Marc Fries, Mary K. Gilles, Daniel P. Glavin, Matthieu Gounelle, Faustine Grossemy, Chris Jacobsen, Lindsay P. Keller, A. L. David Kilcoyne, Jan Leitner, Graciela Matrajt, Anders Meibom, Vito Mennella, Smail Mostefaoui, Larry R. Nittler, Maria E. Palumbo, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, François Robert, Alessandra Rotundi, Christopher J. Snead, Maegan K. Spencer, Frank J. Stadermann, Andrew Steele, Thomas Stephan, Peter Tsou, Tolek Tyliszczak, Andrew J. Westphal, Sue Wirick, Brigitte Wopenka, Hikaru Yabuta, Richard N. Zare, and Michael E. Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1720.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135841] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Kevin D. McKeegan, Jerome Aléon, John Bradley, Donald Brownlee, Henner Busemann, Anna Butterworth, Marc Chaussidon, Stewart Fallon, Christine Floss, Jamie Gilmour, Matthieu Gounelle, Giles Graham, Yunbin Guan, Philipp R. Heck, Peter Hoppe, Ian D. Hutcheon, Joachim Huth, Hope Ishii, Motoo Ito, Stein B. Jacobsen, Anton Kearsley, Laurie A. Leshin, Ming-Chang Liu, Ian Lyon, Kuljeet Marhas, Bernard Marty, Graciela Matrajt, Anders Meibom, Scott Messenger, Smail Mostefaoui, Sujoy Mukhopadhyay, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Larry Nittler, Russ Palma, Robert O. Pepin, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, François Robert, Dennis Schlutter, Christopher J. Snead, Frank J. Stadermann, Rhonda Stroud, Peter Tsou, Andrew Westphal, Edward D. Young, Karen Ziegler, Laurent Zimmermann, and Ernst Zinner (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1724.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135992] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Lindsay P. Keller, Sasa Bajt, Giuseppe A. Baratta, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Don E. Brownlee, Henner Busemann, John R. Brucato, Mark Burchell, Luigi Colangeli, Louis d'Hendecourt, Zahia Djouadi, Gianluca Ferrini, George Flynn, Ian A. Franchi, Marc Fries, Monica M. Grady, Giles A. Graham, Faustine Grossemy, Anton Kearsley, Graciela Matrajt, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Vito Mennella, Larry Nittler, Maria E. Palumbo, Frank J. Stadermann, Peter Tsou, Alessandra Rotundi, Scott A. Sandford, Christopher Snead, Andrew Steele, Diane Wooden, and Mike Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1728.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135796] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
George J. Flynn, Pierre Bleuet, Janet Borg, John P. Bradley, Frank E. Brenker, Sean Brennan, John Bridges, Don E. Brownlee, Emma S. Bullock, Manfred Burghammer, Benton C. Clark, Zu Rong Dai, Charles P. Daghlian, Zahia Djouadi, Sirine Fakra, Tristan Ferroir, Christine Floss, Ian A. Franchi, Zack Gainsforth, Jean-Paul Gallien, Philippe Gillet, Patrick G. Grant, Giles A. Graham, Simon F. Green, Faustine Grossemy, Philipp R. Heck, Gregory F. Herzog, Peter Hoppe, Friedrich Hörz, Joachim Huth, Konstantin Ignatyev, Hope A. Ishii, Koen Janssens, David Joswiak, Anton T. Kearsley, Hicham Khodja, Antonio Lanzirotti, Jan Leitner, Laurence Lemelle, Hugues Leroux, Katharina Luening, Glenn J. MacPherson, Kuljeet K. Marhas, Matthew A. Marcus, Graciela Matrajt, Tomoki Nakamura, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Tsukasa Nakano, Matthew Newville, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, Piero Pianetta, William Rao, Christian Riekel, Frans J. M. Rietmeijer, Detlef Rost, Craig S. Schwandt, Thomas H. See, Julie Sheffield-Parker, Alexandre Simionovici, Ilona Sitnitsky, Christopher J. Snead, Frank J. Stadermann, Thomas Stephan, Rhonda M. Stroud, Jean Susini, Yoshio Suzuki, Stephen R. Sutton, Susan Taylor, Nick Teslich, D. Troadec, Peter Tsou, Akira Tsuchiyama, Kentaro Uesugi, Bart Vekemans, Edward P. Vicenzi, Laszlo Vincze, Andrew J. Westphal, Penelope Wozniakiewicz, Ernst Zinner, and Michael E. Zolensky (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1731.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1136141] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Michael E. Zolensky, Thomas J. Zega, Hajime Yano, Sue Wirick, Andrew J. Westphal, Mike K. Weisberg, Iris Weber, Jack L. Warren, Michael A. Velbel, Akira Tsuchiyama, Peter Tsou, Alice Toppani, Naotaka Tomioka, Kazushige Tomeoka, Nick Teslich, Mitra Taheri, Jean Susini, Rhonda Stroud, Thomas Stephan, Frank J. Stadermann, Christopher J. Snead, Steven B. Simon, Alexandre Simionovici, Thomas H. See, François Robert, Frans J. M. Rietmeijer, William Rao, Murielle C. Perronnet, Dimitri A. Papanastassiou, Kyoko Okudaira, Kazumasa Ohsumi, Ichiro Ohnishi, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Tomoki Nakamura, Smail Mostefaoui, Takashi Mikouchi, Anders Meibom, Graciela Matrajt, Matthew A. Marcus, Hugues Leroux, Laurence Lemelle, Loan Le, Antonio Lanzirotti, Falko Langenhorst, Alexander N. Krot, Lindsay P. Keller, Anton T. Kearsley, David Joswiak, Damien Jacob, Hope Ishii, Ralph Harvey, Kenji Hagiya, Lawrence Grossman, Jeffrey N. Grossman, Giles A. Graham, Matthieu Gounelle, Philippe Gillet, Matthew J. Genge, George Flynn, Tristan Ferroir, Stewart Fallon, Denton S. Ebel, Zu Rong Dai, Patrick Cordier, Benton Clark, Miaofang Chi, Anna L. Butterworth, Donald E. Brownlee, John C. Bridges, Sean Brennan, Adrian Brearley, John P. Bradley, Pierre Bleuet, Phil A. Bland, and Ron Bastien (15 December 2006) Science314 (5806), 1735.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1135842] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
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