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Originally published in Science Express on 8 September 2005
Science 14 October 2005:
Vol. 310. no. 5746, pp. 265 - 269
DOI: 10.1126/science.1118978
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Research Articles

Deep Impact: Observations from a Worldwide Earth-Based Campaign

K. J. Meech,1* N. Ageorges,2 M. F. A'Hearn,3 C. Arpigny,4 A. Ates,5 J. Aycock,6 S. Bagnulo,2 J. Bailey,7 R. Barber,8 L. Barrera,9 R. Barrena,10 J. M. Bauer,11 M. J. S. Belton,12 F. Bensch,13 B. Bhattacharya,14 N. Biver,15 G. Blake,14 D. Bockelée-Morvan,15 H. Boehnhardt,16 B. P. Bonev,17 T. Bonev,18 M. W. Buie,19 M. G. Burton,20 H. M. Butner,21 R. Cabanac,22 R. Campbell,6 H. Campins,23 M. T. Capria,24 T. Carroll,21 F. Chaffee,6 S. B. Charnley,25 R. Cleis,26 A. Coates,27 A. Cochran,28 P. Colom,15 A. Conrad,6 I. M. Coulson,21 J. Crovisier,15 J. deBuizer,29 R. Dekany,14 J. de Léon,10 N. Dello Russo,30 A. Delsanti,1 M. DiSanti,31 J. Drummond,26 L. Dundon,1 P. B. Etzel,32 T. L. Farnham,3 P. Feldman,33 Y. R. Fernández,23 M. D. Filipovic,34 S. Fisher,35 A. Fitzsimmons,36 D. Fong,37 R. Fugate,26 H. Fujiwara,38 T. Fujiyoshi,39 R. Furusho,40 T. Fuse,39 E. Gibb,41 O. Groussin,3 S. Gulkis,11 M. Gurwell,37 E. Hadamcik,42 O. Hainaut,2 D. Harker,43 D. Harrington,1 M. Harwit,44 S. Hasegawa,45 C. W. Hergenrother,46 P. Hirst,21 K. Hodapp,1 M. Honda,45 E. S. Howell,47 D. Hutsemékers,4 D. Iono,37 W.-H. Ip,48 W. Jackson,49 E. Jehin,2 Z. J. Jiang,50 G. H. Jones,16 P. A. Jones,51 T. Kadono,52 U. W. Kamath,53 H. U. Käufl,2 T. Kasuga,54 H. Kawakita,55 M. S. Kelley,56 F. Kerber,2 M. Kidger,10 D. Kinoshita,48 M. Knight,3 L. Lara,57 S. M. Larson,46 S. Lederer,58 C.-F. Lee,37 A. C. Levasseur-Regourd,42 J. Y. Li,3 Q.-S. Li,50 J. Licandro,10,59 Z.-Y. Lin,48 C. M. Lisse,30 G. LoCurto,2 A. J. Lovell,60 S. C. Lowry,36 J. Lyke,6 D. Lynch,61 J. Ma,50 K. Magee-Sauer,62 G. Maheswar,53 J. Manfroid,4 O. Marco,2 P. Martin,22 G. Melnick,37 S. Miller,8 T. Miyata,38 G. H. Moriarty-Schieven,21 N. Moskovitz,1 B. E. A. Mueller,63 M. J. Mumma,31 S. Muneer,53 D. A. Neufeld,33 T. Ootsubo,64 D. Osip,65 S. K. Pandea,53 E. Pantin,66 R. Paterno-Mahler,5 B. Patten,37 B. E. Penprase,5 A. Peck,37 G. Petitas,37 N. Pinilla-Alonso,67 J. Pittichova,1 E. Pompei,2 T. P. Prabhu,53 C. Qi,37 R. Rao,37 H. Rauer,68 H. Reitsema,69 S. D. Rodgers,25 P. Rodriguez,70 R. Ruane,26 G. Ruch,56 W. Rujopakarn,71 D. K. Sahu,53 S. Sako,38 I. Sakon,38 N. Samarasinha,63 J. M. Sarkissian,51 I. Saviane,2 M. Schirmer,59 P. Schultz,72 R. Schulz,73 P. Seitzer,71 T. Sekiguchi,54 F. Selman,2 M. Serra-Ricart,10 R. Sharp,74 R. L. Snell,75 C. Snodgrass,36 T. Stallard,8 G. Stecklein,5 C. Sterken,76 J. A. Stüwe,77 S. Sugita,38 M. Sumner,14 N. Suntzeff,63 R. Swaters,3 S. Takakuwa,37 N. Takato,39 J. Thomas-Osip,65 E. Thompson,26 A. T. Tokunaga,1 G. P. Tozzi,78 H. Tran,6 M. Troy,11 C. Trujillo,29 J. Van Cleve,69 R. Vasundhara,53 R. Vazquez,79 F. Vilas,80 G. Villanueva,16 K. von Braun,81 P. Vora,82 R. J. Wainscoat,1 K. Walsh,3 J. Watanabe,54 H. A. Weaver,33 W. Weaver,26 M. Weiler,68 P. R. Weissman,11 W. F. Welsh,32 D. Wilner,37 S. Wolk,37 M. Womack,83 D. Wooden,25 L. M. Woodney,58 C. Woodward,56 Z.-Y. Wu,50 J.-H. Wu,50 T. Yamashita,39 B. Yang,1 Y.-B. Yang,50 S. Yokogawa,37 A. C. Zook,5 A. Zauderer,3 X. Zhao,50 X. Zhou,50 J.-M. Zucconi84

On 4 July 2005, many observatories around the world and in space observed the collision of Deep Impact with comet 9P/Tempel 1 or its aftermath. This was an unprecedented coordinated observational campaign. These data show that (i) there was new material after impact that was compositionally different from that seen before impact; (ii) the ratio of dust mass to gas mass in the ejecta was much larger than before impact; (iii) the new activity did not last more than a few days, and by 9 July the comet's behavior was indistinguishable from its pre-impact behavior; and (iv) there were interesting transient phenomena that may be correlated with cratering physics.

1 Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
2 European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile.
3 University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
4 Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
5 Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
6 Keck Observatory, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA.
7 Australian Centre for Astrobiology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
8 University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
9 Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
10 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain.
11 NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
12 Belton Space Initiatives, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA.
13 Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
14 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
15 Observatoire Paris Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France.
16 Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Katlenburg-Lindau 37191, Germany.
17 University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
18 Institute of Astronomy, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria.
19 Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA.
20 University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
21 Joint Astronomy Centre, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
22 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA.
23 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
24 Instituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
25 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
26 Air Force Research Lab, Kirtland Air Force Base, NM 87117, USA.
27 Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK.
28 University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
29 Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile.
30 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
31 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20770, USA.
32 San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
33 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
34 University of Western Sydney, NSW 1797, Australia.
35 Gemini Observatory North, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
36 Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
37 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
38 University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
39 Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
40 Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.
41 University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA.
42 Service d'Aéronomie, CNRS, 91371 Verrières Le Buisson, France.
43 University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
44 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
45 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan.
46 University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
47 Arecibo Observatory, Arecibo, PR 00612, USA.
48 National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
49 University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
50 National Astronomical Observatories, Beijing 100012, China.
51 Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
52 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
53 Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore 560 034, India.
54 National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.
55 Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.
56 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
57 Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–CSIC, 18080 Granada, Spain.
58 California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA.
59 Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, La Palma E-38700, Spain.
60 Agnes Scott College, Atlanta, GA 30030, USA.
61 Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90009, USA.
62 Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
63 National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
64 Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
65 Las Campanas Observatory, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA.
66 CEA-Service d'Astronomie, Saclay F-91191, France.
67 Fundación Galileo Galilei & Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, La Palma 38700, Spain.
68 Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Berlin 12489, Germany.
69 Ball Aerospace, Boulder, CO 80306, USA.
70 European Space Agency, Villafranco del Castillo, 28080 Madrid, Spain.
71 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
72 Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
73 European Space Agency, Noordwijk NL-2200 AG, Netherlands.
74 Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
75 University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
76 University of Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
77 Leiden Observatory, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
78 Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze I-50125, Italy.
79 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada 22800, Mexico.
80 NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
81 Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA.
82 College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
83 St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA.
84 Observatoire de Besançon, 25010 Besançon Cedex, France.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: meech{at}ifa.hawaii.edu

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THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Deep Impact: Excavating Comet Tempel 1.
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