Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 12 August 2005:
Vol. 309. no. 5737, pp. 1052 - 1056
DOI: 10.1126/science.1115983
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Research Articles

FD, a bZIP Protein Mediating Signals from the Floral Pathway Integrator FT at the Shoot Apex

Mitsutomo Abe,1* Yasushi Kobayashi,1,2*{dagger} Sumiko Yamamoto,1,2* Yasufumi Daimon,1 Ayako Yamaguchi,1 Yoko Ikeda,1 Harutaka Ichinoki,1 Michitaka Notaguchi,1 Koji Goto,2,3 Takashi Araki1,2,4{ddagger}

FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a conserved promoter of flowering that acts downstream of various regulatory pathways, including one that mediates photoperiodic induction through CONSTANS (CO), and is expressed in the vasculature of cotyledons and leaves. A bZIP transcription factor, FD, preferentially expressed in the shoot apex is required for FT to promote flowering. FD and FT are interdependent partners through protein interaction and act at the shoot apex to promote floral transition and to initiate floral development through transcriptional activation of a floral meristem identity gene, APETALA1 (AP1). FT may represent a long-distance signal in flowering.

1 Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
2 CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
3 Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Okayama 716-1241, Japan.
4 Adjunct Division of Applied Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.

* These authors contributed equally to this work.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: taraqui{at}cosmos.bot.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
At the end of the day: a common molecular mechanism for photoperiod responses in plants?.
U. Lagercrantz (2009)
J. Exp. Bot. 60, 2501-2515
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The molecular biology of seasonal flowering-responses in Arabidopsis and the cereals.
A. Greenup, W. J. Peacock, E. S. Dennis, and B. Trevaskis (2009)
Ann. Bot. 103, 1165-1172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The flowering hormone florigen functions as a general systemic regulator of growth and termination.
A. Shalit, A. Rozman, A. Goldshmidt, J. P. Alvarez, J. L. Bowman, Y. Eshed, and E. Lifschitz (2009)
PNAS 106, 8392-8397
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Role for Arabidopsis PUCHI in Floral Meristem Identity and Bract Suppression.
Md. R. Karim, A. Hirota, D. Kwiatkowska, M. Tasaka, and M. Aida (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 1360-1372
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A cis Element within Flowering Locus T mRNA Determines Its Mobility and Facilitates Trafficking of Heterologous Viral RNA.
C. Li, K. Zhang, X. Zeng, S. Jackson, Y. Zhou, and Y. Hong (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 3540-3548
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The RNA Binding Protein ELF9 Directly Reduces SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 Transcript Levels in Arabidopsis, Possibly via Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay.
H.-R. Song, J.-D. Song, J.-N. Cho, R. M. Amasino, B. Noh, and Y.-S. Noh (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 1195-1211
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Control of the Transition to Flowering by Chromatin Modifications.
Y. He (2009)
Mol Plant
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Co-ordinated regulation of flowering time, plant architecture and growth by FASCICULATE: the pepper orthologue of SELF PRUNING.
T. Elitzur, H. Nahum, Y. Borovsky, I. Pekker, Y. Eshed, and I. Paran (2009)
J. Exp. Bot. 60, 869-880
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The 14-3-3 Protein GF14c Acts as a Negative Regulator of Flowering in Rice by Interacting with the Florigen Hd3a.
Y. A. Purwestri, Y. Ogaki, S. Tamaki, H. Tsuji, and K. Shimamoto (2009)
Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 429-438
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular and Functional Characterization of PEBP Genes in Barley Reveal the Diversification of Their Roles in Flowering.
R. Kikuchi, H. Kawahigashi, T. Ando, T. Tonooka, and H. Handa (2009)
Plant Physiology 149, 1341-1353
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Bacterial-Type ABC Transporter Is Involved in Aluminum Tolerance in Rice.
C. F. Huang, N. Yamaji, N. Mitani, M. Yano, Y. Nagamura, and J. F. Ma (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 655-667
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Alterations in the Endogenous Ascorbic Acid Content Affect Flowering Time in Arabidopsis.
S. O. Kotchoni, K. E. Larrimore, M. Mukherjee, C. F. Kempinski, and C. Barth (2009)
Plant Physiology 149, 803-815
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms of Floral Induction in Grasses: Something Borrowed, Something New.
J. Colasanti and V. Coneva (2009)
Plant Physiology 149, 56-62
   Full Text »    PDF »
Long-Distance, Graft-Transmissible Action of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T Protein to Promote Flowering.
M. Notaguchi, M. Abe, T. Kimura, Y. Daimon, T. Kobayashi, A. Yamaguchi, Y. Tomita, K. Dohi, M. Mori, and T. Araki (2008)
Plant Cell Physiol. 49, 1645-1658
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acceleration of Flowering during Shade Avoidance in Arabidopsis Alters the Balance between FLOWERING LOCUS C-Mediated Repression and Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering.
A. C. Wollenberg, B. Strasser, P. D. Cerdan, and R. M. Amasino (2008)
Plant Physiology 148, 1681-1694
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ehd2, a Rice Ortholog of the Maize INDETERMINATE1 Gene, Promotes Flowering by Up-Regulating Ehd1.
K. Matsubara, U. Yamanouchi, Z.-X. Wang, Y. Minobe, T. Izawa, and M. Yano (2008)
Plant Physiology 148, 1425-1435
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The nature of floral signals in Arabidopsis. I. Photosynthesis and a far-red photoresponse independently regulate flowering by increasing expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT).
R. W. King, T. Hisamatsu, E. E. Goldschmidt, and C. Blundell (2008)
J. Exp. Bot.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of floral initiation in horticultural trees.
J. D. Wilkie, M. Sedgley, and T. Olesen (2008)
J. Exp. Bot. 59, 3215-3228
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Involvement of the MADS-Box Gene ZMM4 in Floral Induction and Inflorescence Development in Maize.
O. N. Danilevskaya, X. Meng, D. A. Selinger, S. Deschamps, P. Hermon, G. Vansant, R. Gupta, E. V. Ananiev, and M. G. Muszynski (2008)
Plant Physiology 147, 2054-2069
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dual Effects of miR156-Targeted SPL Genes and CYP78A5/KLUH on Plastochron Length and Organ Size in Arabidopsis thaliana.
J.-W. Wang, R. Schwab, B. Czech, E. Mica, and D. Weigel (2008)
PLANT CELL 20, 1231-1243
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of Dynamin as an Interactor of Rice GIGANTEA by Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP).
M. Abe, M. Fujiwara, K.-i. Kurotani, S. Yokoi, and K. Shimamoto (2008)
Plant Cell Physiol. 49, 420-432
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice.
R. Komiya, A. Ikegami, S. Tamaki, S. Yokoi, and K. Shimamoto (2008)
Development 135, 767-774
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic Survey and Gene Expression Analysis of the Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Factor Family in Rice.
A. Nijhawan, M. Jain, A. K. Tyagi, and J. P. Khurana (2008)
Plant Physiology 146, 333-350
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Genomic and Expression Compendium of the Expanded PEBP Gene Family from Maize.
O. N. Danilevskaya, X. Meng, Z. Hou, E. V. Ananiev, and C. R. Simmons (2008)
Plant Physiology 146, 250-264
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Plants by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation.
N. Ohad, K. Shichrur, and S. Yalovsky (2007)
Plant Physiology 145, 1090-1099
   Full Text »    PDF »
OsMADS51 Is a Short-Day Flowering Promoter That Functions Upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a.
S. L. Kim, S. Lee, H. J. Kim, H. G. Nam, and G. An (2007)
Plant Physiology 145, 1484-1494
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The shoot meristem identity gene TFL1 is involved in flower development and trafficking to the protein storage vacuole.
E. J. Sohn, M. Rojas-Pierce, S. Pan, C. Carter, A. Serrano-Mislata, F. Madueno, E. Rojo, M. Surpin, and N. V. Raikhel (2007)
PNAS 104, 18801-18806
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression differences between normal and indeterminate1 maize suggest downstream targets of ID1, a floral transition regulator in maize.
V. Coneva, T. Zhu, and J. Colasanti (2007)
J. Exp. Bot.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The molecular analysis of the shade avoidance syndrome in the grasses has begun.
T. H. Kebrom and T. P. Brutnell (2007)
J. Exp. Bot.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Move on up, it's time for change mobile signals controlling photoperiod-dependent flowering.
Y. Kobayashi and D. Weigel (2007)
Genes & Dev. 21, 2371-2384
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Circadian Rhythm Set by Dusk Determines the Expression of FT Homologs and the Short-Day Photoperiodic Flowering Response in Pharbitis.
R. Hayama, B. Agashe, E. Luley, R. King, and G. Coupland (2007)
PLANT CELL 19, 2988-3000
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Floral Initiation and Inflorescence Architecture: A Comparative View.
R. Benlloch, A. Berbel, A. Serrano-Mislata, and F. Madueno (2007)
Ann. Bot. 100, 659-676
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Oncoprotein from the Plant Pathogen Agrobacterium Has Histone Chaperone Like Activity.
S. Terakura, Y. Ueno, H. Tagami, S. Kitakura, C. Machida, H. Wabiko, H. Aiba, L. Otten, H. Tsukagoshi, K. Nakamura, et al. (2007)
PLANT CELL 19, 2855-2865
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Linkages of the Circadian Clock-Associated Genes, TOC1, CCA1 and LHY, in the Photoperiodic Control of Flowering Time in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Y. Niwa, S. Ito, N. Nakamichi, T. Mizoguchi, K. Niinuma, T. Yamashino, and T. Mizuno (2007)
Plant Cell Physiol. 48, 925-937
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Interactions of a Soluble Gibberellin Receptor, GID1, with a Rice DELLA Protein, SLR1, and Gibberellin.
M. Ueguchi-Tanaka, M. Nakajima, E. Katoh, H. Ohmiya, K. Asano, S. Saji, X. Hongyu, M. Ashikari, H. Kitano, I. Yamaguchi, et al. (2007)
PLANT CELL 19, 2140-2155
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arabidopsis Clock-Associated Pseudo-Response Regulators PRR9, PRR7 and PRR5 Coordinately and Positively Regulate Flowering Time Through the Canonical CONSTANS-Dependent Photoperiodic Pathway.
N. Nakamichi, M. Kita, K. Niinuma, S. Ito, T. Yamashino, T. Mizoguchi, and T. Mizuno (2007)
Plant Cell Physiol. 48, 822-832
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
FT Protein Movement Contributes to Long-Distance Signaling in Floral Induction of Arabidopsis.
L. Corbesier, C. Vincent, S. Jang, F. Fornara, Q. Fan, I. Searle, A. Giakountis, S. Farrona, L. Gissot, C. Turnbull, et al. (2007)
Science 316, 1030-1033
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hd3a Protein Is a Mobile Flowering Signal in Rice.
S. Tamaki, S. Matsuo, H. L. Wong, S. Yokoi, and K. Shimamoto (2007)
Science 316, 1033-1036
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Specification of Arabidopsis floral meristem identity by repression of flowering time genes.
C. Liu, J. Zhou, K. Bracha-Drori, S. Yalovsky, T. Ito, and H. Yu (2007)
Development 134, 1901-1910
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phloem-Borne FT Signals Flowering in Cucurbits.
N. A. Eckardt (2007)
PLANT CELL 19, 1435-1438
   Full Text »    PDF »
The FLOWERING LOCUS T-Like Gene Family in Barley (Hordeum vulgare).
S. Faure, J. Higgins, A. Turner, and D. A. Laurie (2007)
Genetics 176, 599-609
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
FLOWERING LOCUS T Protein May Act as the Long-Distance Florigenic Signal in the Cucurbits.
M.-K. Lin, H. Belanger, Y.-J. Lee, E. Varkonyi-Gasic, K.-I. Taoka, E. Miura, B. Xoconostle-Cazares, K. Gendler, R. A. Jorgensen, B. Phinney, et al. (2007)
PLANT CELL 19, 1488-1506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Norway Spruce FLOWERING LOCUS T Homolog Is Implicated in Control of Growth Rhythm in Conifers.
N. Gyllenstrand, D. Clapham, T. Kallman, and U. Lagercrantz (2007)
Plant Physiology 144, 248-257
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Flowering and determinacy in Arabidopsis.
R. Sablowski (2007)
J. Exp. Bot. 58, 899-907
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TERMINAL FLOWER1 Is a Mobile Signal Controlling Arabidopsis Architecture.
L. Conti and D. Bradley (2007)
PLANT CELL 19, 767-778
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of SVP in the control of flowering time by ambient temperature in Arabidopsis.
J. H. Lee, S. J. Yoo, S. H. Park, I. Hwang, J. S. Lee, and J. H. Ahn (2007)
Genes & Dev. 21, 397-402
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Maize floral regulator protein INDETERMINATE1 is localized to developing leaves and is not altered by light or the sink/source transition.
A. Y. M. Wong and J. Colasanti (2007)
J. Exp. Bot. 58, 403-414
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Basis of Late-Flowering Phenotype Caused by Dominant Epi-Alleles of the FWA Locus in Arabidopsis.
Y. Ikeda, Y. Kobayashi, A. Yamaguchi, M. Abe, and T. Araki (2007)
Plant Cell Physiol. 48, 205-220
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT.
L. Yan, D. Fu, C. Li, A. Blechl, G. Tranquilli, M. Bonafede, A. Sanchez, M. Valarik, S. Yasuda, and J. Dubcovsky (2006)
PNAS 103, 19581-19586
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
delayed flowering1 Encodes a Basic Leucine Zipper Protein That Mediates Floral Inductive Signals at the Shoot Apex in Maize.
M. G. Muszynski, T. Dam, B. Li, D. M. Shirbroun, Z. Hou, E. Bruggemann, R. Archibald, E. V. Ananiev, and O. N. Danilevskaya (2006)
Plant Physiology 142, 1523-1536
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CONSTANS and the CCAAT Box Binding Complex Share a Functionally Important Domain and Interact to Regulate Flowering of Arabidopsis.
S. Wenkel, F. Turck, K. Singer, L. Gissot, J. Le Gourrierec, A. Samach, and G. Coupland (2006)
PLANT CELL 18, 2971-2984
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Light signals and flowering.
B. Thomas (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 3387-3393
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Universal florigenic signals triggered by FT homologues regulate growth and flowering cycles in perennial day-neutral tomato.
E. Lifschitz and Y. Eshed (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 3405-3414
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The control of flowering in time and space.
K. E. Jaeger, A. Graf, and P. A. Wigge (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 3415-3418
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reproductive meristem fates in Gerbera.
T. H. Teeri, A. Uimari, M. Kotilainen, R. Laitinen, H. Help, P. Elomaa, and V. A. Albert (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 3445-3455
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The quest for florigen: a review of recent progress.
L. Corbesier and G. Coupland (2006)
J. Exp. Bot. 57, 3395-3403
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GA4 Is the Active Gibberellin in the Regulation of LEAFY Transcription and Arabidopsis Floral Initiation.
S. Eriksson, H. Bohlenius, T. Moritz, and O. Nilsson (2006)
PLANT CELL 18, 2172-2181
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arabidopsis SPA proteins regulate photoperiodic flowering and interact with the floral inducer CONSTANS to regulate its stability.
S. Laubinger, V. Marchal, J. Gentilhomme, S. Wenkel, J. Adrian, S. Jang, C. Kulajta, H. Braun, G. Coupland, and U. Hoecker (2006)
Development 133, 3213-3222
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Florigen coming of age after 70 years..
J. A.D. Zeevaart (2006)
PLANT CELL 18, 1783-1789
   Full Text »    PDF »
Poplar FT2 Shortens the Juvenile Phase and Promotes Seasonal Flowering.
C.-Y. Hsu, Y. Liu, D. S. Luthe, and C. Yuceer (2006)
PLANT CELL 18, 1846-1861
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CO/FT Regulatory Module Controls Timing of Flowering and Seasonal Growth Cessation in Trees.
H. Bohlenius, T. Huang, L. Charbonnel-Campaa, A. M. Brunner, S. Jansson, S. H. Strauss, and O. Nilsson (2006)
Science 312, 1040-1043
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The tomato FT ortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth and flowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli.
E. Lifschitz, T. Eviatar, A. Rozman, A. Shalit, A. Goldshmidt, Z. Amsellem, J. P. Alvarez, and Y. Eshed (2006)
PNAS 103, 6398-6403
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The transcription factor FLC confers a flowering response to vernalization by repressing meristem competence and systemic signaling in Arabidopsis..
I. Searle, Y. He, F. Turck, C. Vincent, F. Fornara, S. Krober, R. A. Amasino, and G. Coupland (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 898-912
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
2005: Signaling Breakthroughs of the Year.
E. M. Adler, N. R. Gough, and L. B. Ray (2006)
Sci. STKE 2006, eg1
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Independent Roles for EARLY FLOWERING 3 and ZEITLUPE in the Control of Circadian Timing, Hypocotyl Length, and Flowering Time.
W.-Y. Kim, K. A. Hicks, and D. E. Somers (2005)
Plant Physiology 139, 1557-1569
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Flowering Integrator FT Regulates SEPALLATA3 and FRUITFULL Accumulation in Arabidopsis Leaves.
P. Teper-Bamnolker and A. Samach (2005)
PLANT CELL 17, 2661-2675
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CONSTANS Activates SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 through FLOWERING LOCUS T to Promote Flowering in Arabidopsis.
S. K. Yoo, K. S. Chung, J. Kim, J. H. Lee, S. M. Hong, S. J. Yoo, S. Y. Yoo, J. S. Lee, and J. H. Ahn (2005)
Plant Physiology 139, 770-778
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The mRNA of the Arabidopsis Gene FT Moves from Leaf to Shoot Apex and Induces Flowering.
T. Huang, H. Bohlenius, S. Eriksson, F. Parcy, and O. Nilsson (2005)
Science 309, 1694-1696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)