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Science 17 June 2005:
Vol. 308. no. 5729, pp. 1786 - 1789
DOI: 10.1126/science.1110951
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Reports

Nodulation Signaling in Legumes Requires NSP2, a Member of the GRAS Family of Transcriptional Regulators

Péter Kaló,1,2 Cynthia Gleason,1 Anne Edwards,1 John Marsh,1 Raka M. Mitra,4* Sibylle Hirsch,1 Júlia Jakab,2 Sarah Sims,3 Sharon R. Long,4 Jane Rogers,3 György B. Kiss,2 J. Allan Downie,1 Giles E. D. Oldroyd1{dagger}

Rhizobial bacteria enter a symbiotic interaction with legumes, activating diverse responses in roots through the lipochito oligosaccharide signaling molecule Nod factor. Here, we show that NSP2 from Medicago truncatula encodes a GRAS protein essential for Nod-factor signaling. NSP2 functions downstream of Nod-factor–induced calcium spiking and a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. We show that NSP2-GFP expressed from a constitutive promoter is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum/nuclear envelope and relocalizes to the nucleus after Nod-factor elicitation. This work provides evidence that a GRAS protein transduces calcium signals in plants and provides a possible regulator of Nod-factor–inducible gene expression.

1 Departments of Disease and Stress Biology and Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
2 Institute of Genetics, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Szent-Györgyi A. utca 4, 2100 Gödöllö, Hungary.
3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
4 Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

* Present address: Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.

{dagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: giles.oldroyd{at}bbsrc.ac.uk

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