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More than 20 years into the human immunodeficiency virus–type1 (HIV-1) epidemic, women account for nearly half of the 40million people living with HIV-1 worldwide, with an even higherproportion existing in developing countries. Social determinantsof female vulnerability to HIV-1 include gender disparities,poverty, cultural and sexual norms, lack of education, and violence.Women are also more susceptible to HIV-1 because of hormonalchanges, vaginal microbial ecology and physiology, and a higherprevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. Prevention strategiesmust address the wide range of gender inequalities that promotethe dissemination of HIV-1.
1 Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. 2 Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and International Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 3 Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tquinn{at}jhmi.edu
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