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Science 22 April 2005:
Vol. 308. no. 5721, pp. 512 - 517
DOI: 10.1126/science.1109237
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Review

Transduction of Receptor Signals by ß-Arrestins

Robert J. Lefkowitz1,2* and Sudha K. Shenoy2

The transmission of extracellular signals to the interior of the cell is a function of plasma membrane receptors, of which the seven transmembrane receptor family is by far the largest and most versatile. Classically, these receptors stimulate heterotrimeric G proteins, which control rates of generation of diffusible second messengers and entry of ions at the plasma membrane. Recent evidence, however, indicates another previously unappreciated strategy used by the receptors to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. They direct the recruitment, activation, and scaffolding of cytoplasmic signaling complexes via two multifunctional adaptor and transducer molecules, ß-arrestins 1 and 2. This mechanism regulates aspects of cell motility, chemotaxis, apoptosis, and likely other cellular functions through a rapidly expanding list of signaling pathways.

1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
2 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: lefko001{at}receptor-biol.duke.edu

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   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chemoattraction of Macrophages, T Lymphocytes, and Mast Cells Is Evolutionarily Conserved within the Human {alpha}-Defensin Family.
J. Grigat, A. Soruri, U. Forssmann, J. Riggert, and J. Zwirner (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 3958-3965
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Receptor heterodimerization leads to a switch in signaling: {beta}-arrestin2-mediated ERK activation by {micro}-{delta} opioid receptor heterodimers.
R. Rozenfeld and L. A. Devi (2007)
FASEB J 21, 2455-2465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Calcium acts as a first messenger through the calcium-sensing receptor in the cardiovascular system.
S. Smajilovic and J. Tfelt-Hansen (2007)
Cardiovasc Res 75, 457-467
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Scaffolds Regulate Bidirectional Crosstalk Between Wnt and Classical Seven-Transmembrane Domain Receptor Signaling Pathways.
T. Force, K. Woulfe, W. J. Koch, and R. Kerkela (2007)
Sci. STKE 2007, pe41
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Membrane Glycoprotein M6a Interacts with the {micro}-Opioid Receptor and Facilitates Receptor Endocytosis and Recycling.
D.-F. Wu, T. Koch, Y.-J. Liang, R. Stumm, S. Schulz, H. Schroder, and V. Hollt (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 22239-22247
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lysophosphatidic Acid Regulates Trafficking of beta2-Adrenergic Receptors: THE G{alpha}13/p115RhoGEF/JNK PATHWAY STIMULATES RECEPTOR INTERNALIZATION.
E. Shumay, J. Tao, H.-y. Wang, and C. C. Malbon (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 21529-21541
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Active Conformation of beta-Arrestin1: DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR THE PHOSPHATE SENSOR IN THE N-DOMAIN AND CONFORMATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE ACTIVE STATES OF beta-ARRESTINS1 AND -2.
K. N. Nobles, Z. Guan, K. Xiao, T. G. Oas, and R. J. Lefkowitz (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 21370-21381
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional specialization of beta-arrestin interactions revealed by proteomic analysis.
K. Xiao, D. B. McClatchy, A. K. Shukla, Y. Zhao, M. Chen, S. K. Shenoy, J. R. Yates III, and R. J. Lefkowitz (2007)
PNAS 104, 12011-12016
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
beta-Arrestin-dependent Regulation of the Cofilin Pathway Downstream of Protease-activated Receptor-2.
M. Zoudilova, P. Kumar, L. Ge, P. Wang, G. M. Bokoch, and K. A. DeFea (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 20634-20646
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oxyntomodulin Differentially Affects Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor beta-Arrestin Recruitment and Signaling through G{alpha}.
R. Jorgensen, V. Kubale, M. Vrecl, T. W. Schwartz, and C. E. Elling (2007)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 322, 148-154
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Carboxyl-terminal and intracellular loop sites for CRF1 receptor phosphorylation and beta-arrestin-2 recruitment: a mechanism regulating stress and anxiety responses.
R. H. Oakley, J. A. Olivares-Reyes, C. C. Hudson, F. Flores-Vega, F. M. Dautzenberg, and R. L. Hauger (2007)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 293, R209-R222
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential effects of beta-arrestins on the internalization, desensitization and ERK1/2 activation downstream of protease activated receptor-2.
P. Kumar, C. S. Lau, M. Mathur, P. Wang, and K. A. DeFea (2007)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 293, C346-C357
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Calcium-Sensing Receptor Endocytosis Links Extracellular Calcium Signaling to Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide Secretion via a Rab11a-Dependent and AMSH-Sensitive Mechanism.
A. P. Reyes-Ibarra, A. Garcia-Regalado, I. Ramirez-Rangel, A. L. Esparza-Silva, M. Valadez-Sanchez, J. Vazquez-Prado, and G. Reyes-Cruz (2007)
Mol. Endocrinol. 21, 1394-1407
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modified Receptor Internalization upon Coexpression of 5-HT1B Receptor and 5-HT2B Receptors.
A. Janoshazi, M. Deraet, J. Callebert, V. Setola, S. Guenther, B. Saubamea, P. Manivet, J.-M. Launay, and L. Maroteaux (2007)
Mol. Pharmacol. 71, 1463-1474
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
5-Hydroxytryptamine4 Receptor Activation of the Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Pathway Depends on Src Activation but Not on G Protein or beta-Arrestin Signaling.
G. Barthet, B. Framery, F. Gaven, L. Pellissier, E. Reiter, S. Claeysen, J. Bockaert, and A. Dumuis (2007)
Mol. Biol. Cell 18, 1979-1991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


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