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Science 25 March 2005:
Vol. 307. no. 5717, pp. 1915 - 1920
DOI: 10.1126/science.1104816
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Review

Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine

Fredrik Bäckhed,* Ruth E. Ley,* Justin L. Sonnenburg, Daniel A. Peterson, Jeffrey I. Gordon{dagger}

The distal human intestine represents an anaerobic bioreactor programmed with an enormous population of bacteria, dominated by relatively few divisions that are highly diverse at the strain/subspecies level. This microbiota and its collective genomes (microbiome) provide us with genetic and metabolic attributes we have not been required to evolve on our own, including the ability to harvest otherwise inaccessible nutrients. New studies are revealing how the gut microbiota has coevolved with us and how it manipulates and complements our biology in ways that are mutually beneficial. We are also starting to understand how certain keystone members of the microbiota operate to maintain the stability and functional adaptability of this microbial organ.

Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.

* These authors contributed equally to this work.

{dagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jgordon{at}molecool.wustl.edu

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R. E. Ley, F. Backhed, P. Turnbaugh, C. A. Lozupone, R. D. Knight, and J. I. Gordon (2005)
PNAS 102, 11070-11075
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Genetic Diversity of Viable, Injured, and Dead Fecal Bacteria Assessed by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting and 16S rRNA Gene Analysis.
K. Ben-Amor, H. Heilig, H. Smidt, E. E. Vaughan, T. Abee, and W. M. de Vos (2005)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 71, 4679-4689
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No Organ Left Behind: Tales of Gut Development and Evolution.
D. Y. R. Stainier (2005)
Science 307, 1902-1904
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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)