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Science 19 November 2004:
Vol. 306. no. 5700, pp. 1330 - 1336
DOI: 10.1126/science.1104149
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Review

Quantum-Enhanced Measurements: Beating the Standard Quantum Limit

Vittorio Giovannetti,1 Seth Lloyd,2* Lorenzo Maccone3

Quantum mechanics, through the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, imposes limits on the precision of measurement. Conventional measurement techniques typically fail to reach these limits. Conventional bounds to the precision of measurements such as the shot noise limit or the standard quantum limit are not as fundamental as the Heisenberg limits and can be beaten using quantum strategies that employ "quantum tricks" such as squeezing and entanglement.

1 National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology–Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126, Pisa, Italy.
2 Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
3 Quantum Information Theory Group Dipartimento di Fisica "A. Volta," Università di Pavia, via A. Bassi 6 I-27100, Pavia, Italy.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: slloyd{at}mit.edu

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