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Nitric Oxide Represses the Arabidopsis Floral Transition
Yikun He,1,2*Ru-Hang Tang,1*Yi Hao,1*Robert D. Stevens,3Charles W. Cook,1Sun M. Ahn,1Liufang Jing,1Zhongguang Yang,4Longen Chen,4Fangqing Guo,5Fabio Fiorani,1Robert B. Jackson,1Nigel M. Crawford,5Zhen-Ming Pei1
The correct timing of flowering is essential for plants to maximizereproductive success and is controlled by environmental andendogenous signals. We report that nitric oxide (NO) repressedthe floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants treatedwith NO, as well as a mutant overproducing NO (nox1), floweredlate, whereas a mutant producing less NO (nos1) flowered early.NO suppressed CONSTANS and GIGANTEA gene expression and enhancedFLOWERING LOCUS C expression, which indicated that NO regulatesthe photoperiod and autonomous pathways. Because NO is inducedby environmental stimuli and constitutively produced, it mayintegrate both external and internal cues into the floral decision.
1 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. 2 Department of Biology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, China. 3 Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. 4 Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. 5 Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
* These authors contributed equally to this work.
Present address: Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB-GhentUniversity, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: zpei{at}duke.edu
Arginase-Negative Mutants of Arabidopsis Exhibit Increased Nitric Oxide Signaling in Root Development.
T. Flores, C. D. Todd, A. Tovar-Mendez, P. K. Dhanoa, N. Correa-Aragunde, M. E. Hoyos, D. M. Brownfield, R. T. Mullen, L. Lamattina, and J. C. Polacco (2008)
Plant Physiology
147, 1936-1946
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Floral Transition and Nitric Oxide Emission During Flower Development in Arabidopsis thaliana is Affected in Nitrate Reductase-Deficient Plants.
K. Seligman, E. E. Saviani, H. C. Oliveira, C. A. F. Pinto-Maglio, and I. Salgado (2008)
Plant Cell Physiol.
49, 1112-1121
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MAPK Signaling Regulates Nitric Oxide and NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Oxidative Bursts in Nicotiana benthamiana.
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U. Lee, C. Wie, B. O. Fernandez, M. Feelisch, and E. Vierling (2008)
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Nitric oxide evolution and perception.
S. Neill, J. Bright, R. Desikan, J. Hancock, J. Harrison, and I. Wilson (2008)
J. Exp. Bot.
59, 25-35
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Nitric Oxide Synthase-Dependent Nitric Oxide Production Is Associated with Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis.
M.-G. Zhao, Q.-Y. Tian, and W.-H. Zhang (2007)
Plant Physiology
144, 206-217
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Salicylic acid activates nitric oxide synthesis in Arabidopsis.
M. Zottini, A. Costa, R. De Michele, M. Ruzzene, F. Carimi, and F. Lo Schiavo (2007)
J. Exp. Bot.
58, 1397-1405
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Death Don't Have No Mercy and Neither Does Calcium: Arabidopsis CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE GATED CHANNEL2 and Innate Immunity.
R. Ali, W. Ma, F. Lemtiri-Chlieh, D. Tsaltas, Q. Leng, S. von Bodman, and G. A. Berkowitz (2007)
PLANT CELL
19, 1081-1095
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Expanding networks: Signaling components in and a hypothesis for the evolution of metamorphosis.
Present address: Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB-Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. 
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: 
