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Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment: Carbon Cycling in High- and Low-Si Waters
Kenneth H. Coale,1*Kenneth S. Johnson,2Francisco P. Chavez,2Ken O. Buesseler,3Richard T. Barber,4Mark A. Brzezinski,5William P. Cochlan,6Frank J. Millero,7Paul G. Falkowski,8James E. Bauer,9Rik H. Wanninkhof,10Raphael M. Kudela,11Mark A. Altabet,12Burke E. Hales,13Taro Takahashi,14Michael R. Landry,15Robert R. Bidigare,16Xiujun Wang,1Zanna Chase,2Pete G. Strutton,2Gernot E. Friederich,2Maxim Y. Gorbunov,8Veronica P. Lance,4Anna K. Hilting,4Michael R. Hiscock,4Mark Demarest,5William T. Hiscock,7Kevin F. Sullivan,10Sara J. Tanner,1R. Mike Gordon,1Craig N. Hunter,1Virginia A. Elrod,2Steve E. Fitzwater,2Janice L. Jones,5Sasha Tozzi,8,9Michal Koblizek,8Alice E. Roberts,6Julian Herndon,6Jodi Brewster,1Nicolas Ladizinsky,1,6Geoffrey Smith,1David Cooper,1David Timothy,12Susan L. Brown,16Karen E. Selph,16Cecelia C. Sheridan,16Benjamin S. Twining,17Zackary I. Johnson18
The availability of iron is known to exert a controlling influenceon biological productivity in surface waters over large areasof the ocean and may have been an important factor in the variationof the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over glacialcycles. The effect of iron in the Southern Ocean is particularlyimportant because of its large area and abundant nitrate, yetiron-enhanced growth of phytoplankton may be differentiallyexpressed between waters with high silicic acid in the southand low silicic acid in the north, where diatom growth may belimited by both silicic acid and iron. Two mesoscale experiments,designed to investigate the effects of iron enrichment in regionswith high and low concentrations of silicic acid, were performedin the Southern Ocean. These experiments demonstrate iron'spivotal role in controlling carbon uptake and regulating atmosphericpartial pressure of carbon dioxide.
1 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039–9647, USA. 2 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. 3 Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 4 Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA. 5 Marine Science Institute and the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. 6 Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920–1205, USA. 7 Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149–1098, USA. 8 Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Geology, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901–8521, USA. 9 Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Route 1208 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA. 10 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmosphereic Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. 11 University of California at Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. 12 School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts, 706 South Rodney French Boulevard, New Bedford, MA 02744–1221, USA. 13 College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. 14 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964–1000, USA. 15 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0227, USA. 16 Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. 17 State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. 18 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 48-336A MIT, 15 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: coale{at}mlml.calstate.edu
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PNAS
105, 4775-4780
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