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Isolation and Characterization of Viruses Related to the SARS Coronavirus from Animals in Southern China
Y. Guan,1B. J. Zheng,1*Y. Q. He,2X. L. Liu,2Z. X. Zhuang,2C. L. Cheung,1S. W. Luo,1P. H. Li,1L. J. Zhang,1Y. J. Guan,1K. M. Butt,1K. L. Wong,1K. W. Chan,3W. Lim,4K. F. Shortridge,1K. Y. Yuen,1J. S. M. Peiris,1L. L. M. Poon1
A novel coronavirus (SCoV) is the etiological agent of severeacute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SCoV-like viruses were isolatedfrom Himalayan palm civets found in a live-animal market inGuangdong, China. Evidence of virus infection was also detectedin other animals (including a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides)and in humans working at the same market. All the animal isolatesretain a 29-nucleotide sequence that is not found in most humanisolates. The detection of SCoV-like viruses in small, livewild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspeciestransmission, although the natural reservoir is not known.
1 Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (S.A.R.), of the People's Republic of China (China). 2 Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. 3 Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong S.A.R., China. 4 Government Virus Unit, Department of Health, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
* These authors contributed equally to this work.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: yguan{at}hkucc.hku.hk
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Murine Coronavirus Evolution In Vivo: Functional Compensation of a Detrimental Amino Acid Substitution in the Receptor Binding Domain of the Spike Glycoprotein.
S. Navas-Martin, S. T. Hingley, and S. R. Weiss (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 7629-7640
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Cytokine Responses in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Infected Macrophages In Vitro: Possible Relevance to Pathogenesis.
C. Y. Cheung, L. L. M. Poon, I. H. Y. Ng, W. Luk, S.-F. Sia, M. H. S. Wu, K.-H. Chan, K.-Y. Yuen, S. Gordon, Y. Guan, et al. (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 7819-7826
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Molecular identification and characterization of novel coronaviruses infecting graylag geese (Anser anser), feral pigeons (Columbia livia) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos).
C. M. Jonassen, T. Kofstad, I.-L. Larsen, A. Lovland, K. Handeland, A. Follestad, and A. Lillehaug (2005)
J. Gen. Virol.
86, 1597-1607
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Evaluation of Human Monoclonal Antibody 80R for Immunoprophylaxis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome by an Animal Study, Epitope Mapping, and Analysis of Spike Variants.
J. Sui, W. Li, A. Roberts, L. J. Matthews, A. Murakami, L. Vogel, S. K. Wong, K. Subbarao, M. Farzan, and W. A. Marasco (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 5900-5906
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Comparative Host Gene Transcription by Microarray Analysis Early after Infection of the Huh7 Cell Line by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Human Coronavirus 229E.
B. S. F. Tang, K.-h. Chan, V. C. C. Cheng, P. C. Y. Woo, S. K. P. Lau, C. C. K. Lam, T.-l. Chan, A. K. L. Wu, I. F. N. Hung, S.-y. Leung, et al. (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 6180-6193
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Development and Evaluation of a Multitarget Real-Time Taqman Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus and Surveillance for an Apparently Related Coronavirus Found in Masked Palm Civets.
W. Hu, B. Bai, Z. Hu, Z. Chen, X. An, L. Tang, J. Yang, H. Wang, and H. Wang (2005)
J. Clin. Microbiol.
43, 2041-2046
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Identification of Novel Subgenomic RNAs and Noncanonical Transcription Initiation Signals of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.
S. Hussain, J. Pan, Y. Chen, Y. Yang, J. Xu, Y. Peng, Y. Wu, Z. Li, Y. Zhu, P. Tien, et al. (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 5288-5295
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A single immunization with a rhabdovirus-based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) S protein results in the production of high levels of SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies.
M. Faber, E. W. Lamirande, A. Roberts, A. B. Rice, H. Koprowski, B. Dietzschold, and M. J. Schnell (2005)
J. Gen. Virol.
86, 1435-1440
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Retrospective Serological Investigation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Antibodies in Recruits from Mainland China.
S. Yu, M. Qiu, Z. Chen, X. Ye, Y. Gao, A. Wei, X. Wang, L. Yang, J. Wang, J. Wen, et al. (2005)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol.
12, 552-554
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Exogenous ACE2 Expression Allows Refractory Cell Lines To Support Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication.
E. C. Mossel, C. Huang, K. Narayanan, S. Makino, R. B. Tesh, and C. J. Peters (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 3846-3850
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Isolation of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus from domestic peafowl (Pavo cristatus) and teal (Anas).
S. Liu, J. Chen, J. Chen, X. Kong, Y. Shao, Z. Han, L. Feng, X. Cai, S. Gu, and M. Liu (2005)
J. Gen. Virol.
86, 719-725
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Use of the COOH Portion of the Nucleocapsid Protein in an Antigen-Capturing Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Specific and Sensitive Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.
M. Qiu, J. Wang, H. Wang, Z. Chen, E. Dai, Z. Guo, X. Wang, X. Pang, B. Fan, J. Wen, et al. (2005)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol.
12, 474-476
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Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing the Spike Glycoprotein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Induces Protective Neutralizing Antibodies Primarily Targeting the Receptor Binding Region.
Z. Chen, L. Zhang, C. Qin, L. Ba, C. E. Yi, F. Zhang, Q. Wei, T. He, W. Yu, J. Yu, et al. (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 2678-2688
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Development of a quantitative assay for SARS coronavirus and correlation of GAPDH mRNA with SARS coronavirus in clinical specimens.
S C C Wong, J K C Chan, K C Lee, E S F Lo, and D N C Tsang (2005)
J. Clin. Pathol.
58, 276-280
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Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Bats.
L. L. M. Poon, D. K. W. Chu, K. H. Chan, O. K. Wong, T. M. Ellis, Y. H. C. Leung, S. K. P. Lau, P. C. Y. Woo, K. Y. Suen, K. Y. Yuen, et al. (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 2001-2009
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Civets Are Equally Susceptible to Experimental Infection by Two Different Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Isolates.
D. Wu, C. Tu, C. Xin, H. Xuan, Q. Meng, Y. Liu, Y. Yu, Y. Guan, Y. Jiang, X. Yin, et al. (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 2620-2625
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Cross-host evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in palm civet and human.
H.-D. Song, C.-C. Tu, G.-W. Zhang, S.-Y. Wang, K. Zheng, L.-C. Lei, Q.-X. Chen, Y.-W. Gao, H.-Q. Zhou, H. Xiang, et al. (2005)
PNAS
102, 2430-2435
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